



































TREATISE 






ON THE MANNER OF 



AND 


MACHINERY, 




By James Emerson, of Lowell, Mass. 


1872 



V 


LOWELL, MASS : 

STONE & II U S E , PRINTERS. 
1872. 
















Columbia, Univ. Lib. 

IN EXCHANGE 

WAR 5 1908 


JUL o 1907 


/ o £ 3 
JT5 


INTRODUCTION. 


Through the invention of an instrument for testing the power 
required to drive machinery, I became interested in the testing of 
Turbine Water-Wheels. Previously, apparatus had been used 

for that purpose that to me seemed crude and unreliable, while 
the lack of tables giving the quantity of water flowing over weirs 
rendered the computations tedious to the initiated and impossible 
io a large majority of those using wheels; consequently, few of 
those interested have been able to show the absurdity of the 
nilous claims made by interested parties, and for years, confusion 
i reigned, alike injurious to the users and honest builders of 
wheels. The object of this little work is to render the subject 
plain to the most common understanding in theory, while the 
use of the tables, the past season, in computing the results of 
more than fifty wheels tested, proves them to be very convenient 
in saving time and labor to those able to compute the results 
without them. 

To prevent misconception, I would here state that the Swain 
Wheel is represented in the engraving of Testing Flume simply 
because that engraving was copied (so far as applicable) from 
diagrams accompanying report of test of that wheel by H. F. Mills, 
C. E.; and though all of the Dynamometers represented in this- 
work are inventions of my own, I have no pecuniary interest in 
any of them, or in any water-wheel, nor am I agent for either. 

Persons wishing to purchase Dynamometers, or Gauges, for 
testing water-wheels, should apply to Fales, Jenks & Sons, Paw¬ 
tucket, R. I.; and for Water Wheels, to their respective owners. 

JAMES EMERSON. 























































































THE WATER-WHEELS OF LOWELL. 


[From the Lowell Courier.] 


From the gradual increase of the manufacturing 
establishments dependent for power upon the flow of the 
Merrimack River at Lowell, it has become a matter of 
necessity that every possible measure should be taken to 
economize in the use of water; and this has led to the 
introduction into our mills of a large number of very 
superior water-wheels, of an accuracy and delicateness of 
construction and finish, and yet of such great size and 
power, that they are probably not excelled, or evem 
equalled, in any part of the world. The removal of the 
last in the city (except one at the Machine Shop and two 
or three on the Concord River) of the old-fashioned and 
unwieldy “breast-wheels” suggests to us that a chapter 
of information on the hydraulic motors now in use here, 
and the history of their improvement and adoption, may 
prove of interest to all the readers of the Courier who 
take a just pride in whatever aids Lowell to substantiate 
her claim to the title of “the first manufacturing city in 
America ” And first, let us glance at 

THE OLD STYLE OF WHEELS, 

of which those now being removed from the mills of the 
Lawrence and Prescott companies are fair examples. 
These, generally known as “breast-wheels,” are depend¬ 
ent for their useful effect simply upon the weight of the 
water, admitted to the buckets near the top, and retained 
as long as possible, or until nearly at the bottom of the 
wheel, where its force is spent and it is discharged. These 
wheels have in Lowell been constructed of wood, and of 



6 


great size, varying in diameter from thirteen to thirty 
feet, and usually about twelve feet long. Wheels of 
this class are still in use to a great extent, and in rare 
instances reach the enormous size of seventy feet in 
diameter. From the starting of the first mill (Merrimack) 
in 1823,up to the year 1845, when the number of spindles 
was about one-half that present running, the breast wheels 
alone were in use, and were considered the most perfect 
in all respects of the kinds generally known. But 
although held in such high estimation, they were very 
extravagant in the use of water; for although the propor¬ 
tion of the useful effect given by the wheel to the power 
expended sometimes reached as high as seventy-five per 
cent., the average performance fell far below this point, 
being only about sixty per cent. And the importance 
of overcoming this radical defect becoming more and 
more obvious, improvements were gradually devised 
which resulted finally in the invention of a class of 
wheels known as 


TURBINES. 


The word turbine is derived from the Latin turbo, 
which means, among other tilings, a top; and also the 
whirling or spinning motion of a top. The name, though 
sometimes giving a wider range of meaning, is properly 
applied to a re-action wheel with vertical axis. The 
wheel itself is a French invention, dating back to 1830, 
or thereabouts; and it was introduced into this country 
several years later by an eminent engineer of Pennsyl¬ 
vania, Mr. Ell wood Morris, who built and put in opera¬ 
tion two of these wheels, and published the results of his 
experiments upon them about the year 1843. The 
advantages of the turbine were found to lie mainly these : 
a greater economy in the use of water; adaptation to 
any fall; greater velocity, compactness and durability, 
and that it was not obstructed by backwater. Since 
Mr. Morris’ experiments there have appeared before the 
public almost innumerable varieties of turbines, each in¬ 
ventor claiming for his wheel some advantage over all its 
predecessors; and up to the present time several hundred 
patents have been granted in this country alone for modi- 


1 


fications and alleged improvements of the turbine as first 
invented. Many of these wheels are quite popular, and 
are in use in small establishments all over the country; 
but being roughly and cheaply made, none of them have 
yet been found to compare with the original Fourneyron 
turbine as improved by the inventions of Uriah A. Boy- 
den, whose name is familiar to every on,e who is at all 
acquainted with the history of our city. 

THE “ B0YDEN TURBINE.” 

In 1844 Mr. Boyden designed a seventy-five horse 
power turbine for the Appleton Company’s Picker-house, 
introducing, as has been said, several changes of his own 
devising. This wheel was tested immediately after its 
completion, and found to give a useful effect of seventy- 
eight per cent, of the power of the water. Encouraged 
by this success, Mr. Boyden proceeded in 1846 with the 
construction, for the same company, of three more tur¬ 
bines of one hundred and ninety horse power each, which 
upon being similarly tested gave the remarkable result of 
a useful effect of eighty-eight per cent. In experiments 
since that time results have been obtained as high as 
ninety-two per cent.; but it is considered that a fair aver¬ 
age for these wheels is about seventy-five per cent, against 
sixty for the breast wheels as above stated. From the 
date of the Appleton Company’s adoption of turbines, 
they have come rapidly into use; being substituted for 
the clumsy affairs first used as fast as the latter became 

unserviceable from wear and decay. 

* 


SIZE AND COST. 

One of the advantages of the turbine, as already 
stated, lies in the fact of its occupying so much less space, 
in proportion to the power, than any other wheel. And 
this will be more fully realized when it is considered that 
there are in actual use for manufacturing purposes turbines 
of only six inches diameter; and though these, it must be 
owned, are rare, those of ten and twelve inches are not 
unfrequently met with ; usually operating, however, in 
localities where the amount of water is limited while the 


8 


fall is considerable. Of the seventy powerful turbines in 
use in the mills of Lowell, the smallest has a diameter 
of five, and the largest of eleven feet, and the capacity 
of a single wheel reaches, in several cases, six hundred 
and seventy-five horse power. 

Most of the wheels of this city have been built at the 
Lowell Machine Shop; which establishment does an ex¬ 
tensive business in this line. The buckets of the wheels, 
formerly of iron, are now generally made of brass or an 
alloy called bronze; the object of the change being to 
keep their surfaces and edges smooth, sharp, and free 
from corrosion : for it was found that the loss of power 
from this cause was quite large. The wheel put into the 
Appleton Picker twenty-four years ago by Mr. Boyden 
(the same referred to as the first in the city) having been 
taken out within a year, to make room for a new one, w r as 
found to be thickly covered with barnacles, and so com¬ 
pletely eaten by rust that great flakes could be scaled 
from its surface with the lingers. 

Few persons have any idea of the amount of labor 
expended in the construction of one of these w heels, and 
the consequent cost. Several months are required for 
building a turbine; and those in the Low’ell mills have 
been purchased at the rate of from ten to eighteen thou¬ 
sand dollars each, for the wheel and its fixtures, exclusive 
of the cost of penstocks, raceways, pits, etc. 

POWER. 

The whole power given by the fall of the Merrimack 
at Lowell, of thirty-three feet, is estimated at about ten 
thousand horse power, the entire amount of which is 
already leased to the corporations. In addition to this,, 
there are in the mills thirty-one steam engines, furnishing 
five thousand horse power additional; and besides these 
sources there are the three falls of Concord River, the 
power of which we have no means of estimating- 


FOURNEYRON WHEEL. 


[Extract from a Treatise on the power of water, by Joseph Glynn.] 


M. Fourneyron, who began his experiments in 1823, 
erected his first turbine in 1827, at Pont sur l’Ognon, in 
France. The result far exceeded his expectations, but he 
had much prejudice to contend with, and it was not until 
1834 that he constructed another, in Franche Comte, at 
the iron-works of M. Caron, to blow a furnace. It was of 
seven or eight horse-power, and worked at times with a 
fall of only nine inches. Its performance was so satis¬ 
factory that the same proprietor had afterwards another 
of fifty horse-power erected, to replace two water-wheels 
which, together, were equal to thirty horse-power. 

The fall of water was four feet three inches, and the 
useful effect, varied with the head and the immersion of 
the turbine, sixty-five to eighty per cent. 

Several others were now erected : two for falls of 
seven feet; one at Inval, near Gisors, for a fall of six feet 
six inches, the power being nearly forty-horse, on the 
river Epte, expending thirty-five cubic feet of water per 
second, the useful effect being seventy-one per cent, of the 
force employed. 

One with a fall of sixty-three feet gave seventy-five 
per cent.; and when it had the full head or column for 
which it was constructed—namely, seventy-nine feet—its 
usual effect is said to have reached eighty-seven per cent, 
of the power expended. 

Another, with one hundred and twenty-six feet, gave 
eighty-one per cent.; and one with one hundred and forty- 
four feet fall, gave eighty per cent. 



10 


At the instance of M. Arago. a commission of inquiry 
was instituted by the Government of France, for examin¬ 
ing the turbine of Inval, near Paris, the total fall of water 
being six feet six inches, as has been before mentioned. 
By putting a dam in the river, below the turbine, so as to 
raise the tail water, and diminish the head to three feet 
nine inches, the effect was still equal to seventy per cent.; 
with the head diminished to two feet, the effect was sixty- 
four per cent.; and when the head was reduced to ten 
inches, it gave fifty-eight per cent, of the power expended, 
notwithstanding the great immersion of the machine. 

In the year 1837, M. Fourneyron erected a turbine at 
St. Blasier (St. Blaise), in the Black Forest of Baden, for 
a fall or column of water of seventy-two feet (twenty-two 
metres). The wheel is made of cast-iron, with wrought- 
iron brackets; it is about twenty inches in diameter, and 
weighs about one hundred and live pounds; it is said to 
be equal to fifty-six horse-power, and to give a useful 
effect equal to seventy or seventy-five per cent, of the 
water power employed. It drives a spinning-mill belong¬ 
ing to M. d’Eichtal. A second turbine, at the same 
establishment, is worked by a column of water of 108 
metres, or three hundred and fifty-four feet high, which is 
brought into the machine by cast-iron pipes of eighteen 
inches diameter of the local measure, or about sixteen and 
one-half inches English. The diameter of the water- 
wheel is fourteen and one-fourth, or about thirteen inches 
English, and it is said to expend a cubic foot of water per 
second ; probably the expenditure may be somewhat more 
than this. 

The width of the water-wheel across the pier is .225, 
or less than a quarter of an inch. It makes from two 
thousand two hundred to two thousand three hundred 
revolutions per minute; and on the end of the spindle or 
upright shaft of the turbine is a bevelled pinion, of nine¬ 
teen teeth, working into, two wheels, on the right and 
left, each of which has 300 teeth. These give motion to 
the machinery of the factory, and drive 3,000 water 
spindles, roving frames, carding engines, cleansers, and 
other accessories. The useful effect is reported to be from 
80 to 85 per cent, of the theoretical water power. The 
water is filtered at the reservoir before it enters the con¬ 
duit pipes; and it is important to notice this, since the 


11 


apertures of discharge in the wheel are so small as to be 
easily obstructed or choked. 

The water enters the buckets in the direction of the 
tangent to the last element of the guide-curves, which is 
a tangent to the first element of the curved buckets. The 
water ought to press steadily against the curved buckets, 
entering them without shock or impulse, and quitting 
them without velocity, in order to obtain the greatest 
useful effect; otherwise a portion of the water’s power 
must be wasted or expended, without producing useful 
effect on the wheel. 

It is difficult to imagine that a machine so small as 
this can give motion to the works of a cotton mill on so 
large a scale. Professor Ruhlmann says, that when he 
saw it actually doing so, he could not for some time credit 
the evidence of his senses; and, although he went pur¬ 
posely to examine it, his astonishment prevented him 
from comprehending, in the first instance, that the fact 
was really as it appeared. 

There are many places, especially in hilly districts, 
where high falls of water are found, and where the nature 
of the ground affords facilities for making reservoirs, so as 
to ensure a constant supply, where the height of the 
column of water may compensate for the smallness of its 
volume. In such situations it may be conveyed in pipes 
to the high-pressure turbine, which may often be applied 
with advantage for grinding corn, working threshing 
machines, or for crushing ore, and other purposes. There 
are other situations in which a great volume of water 
rolls, with but little fall, and it has been shown that, with 
a head of only nine inches, the low-pressure turbine has 
done good service. 


THE JONVAL TURBINE. 


[F rom J. E. Stevenson’s Circular.] 


By referring to our certificate on another page, it 
will be seen that it is impossible to construct a Turbine 
greatly to exceed in useful effect a “Jonval,” when pro¬ 
perly constructed and well finished ; and by reference to 
the table of experiments here inserted, it will be noticed 
that the efficiency of the Jonval turbine depends not upon 
the name “Jonval,” neither upon the simple fact that one 
Avheel is placed above another—as from six Jonvals tested, 
but one gave 90.77 per cent., that being the one made by 
its ; whereas one other gave only 50.34 per cent., the 
loudest of all tested. And why this difference ? Simply 
because one builder knew what he was doing, and the 
other did not. There are many parties, purporting to 
manufacture the Jonval Turbine, who state in their circu¬ 
lars that “at a trial of Turbine Wheels, at Fairmount 
Water Works, at Philadelphia, in 1859 and 1860, the 
Jonval Wheel gave the highest percentage of all tested”; 
and they would have the public believe that with their 
rough, unfinished castings, and guide, and bucket-curves, 
of whatever form they may happen to be, they give this 
wonderful result, when none of them possess more than 
one feature of the Jonval Turbine; and these experiments 
show’that a “Jonval,” made by a man of experience, and 
tested under the most favorable circumstances, gave the 
poorest result- of all, simply because he failed in the appli¬ 
cation of the principles embodied in its construction. 

The following is a table of the experiments at the 
Fairmount Water Works, at Philadelphia, in 1859 and 
1860, as taken from the report of the Chief Engineer. 
The table explains itself. 



CERTIFICATE. 


DEPARTMENT FOR SUPPLYING THE CITY WITH WATER, 
CHIEF ENGINEER’S OFFICE, PHILADELPHIA. 


At a trial of water wheels, at Fairmount Works, by order of 
the Select and Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, a 
Jonval Turbine, made by “J. E. Stevenson,” of Paterson, New 
Jersey, was tested March Oth, 1860. and produced a co-efficient of 
useful effect of .8777 per cent, under the following circumstance: 
025 pounds were raised 25 feet by 70.25 cubic feet of water under a 
head and fall of 6 feet. To this must be added the friction of the 
transmitting machinery, estimated at three per cent., making a 
total useful effect of .0077 of the power employed. 


(Seal of City.) 


O. H. P. PARKER, 

Chair, of the Water Corn. 

HENRY P. M. BIRKINBINE, 

Chief Engineer. 


In attestation of the above signatures of O. H. P. Parker and 
Henry P. M. Birkinbine, I set my hand and affix the seal of the 
City of Philadelphia this 3rd day of April, 1860. 


ALEXANDER HENRY, 

Mayor of Philadelphia. 


TABLE OF EXPERIMENTS. 


NAME OF WHEEL. 

Kind of 
Wheel. 

Per cent, 
of effect. 

3g>erct. 

added 

for 

friction. 

Where built. 

Stevenson’s 2nd wheel.... 

Jonval.. 

.8 ill 

.9077 

Paterson, N. J. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Geyelin’s 2nd wheel. 

Andrews & Kalbach’s 3rd 

Jonval.. 

.8210 

.8510 

wheel . 

Spiral... 

.8107 

.8497 

Bernville, Pa. 

Collins’2nd wheel. 

Andrews & Kalbach’s 2nd 

Jonval.. 

.7072 

.7972 

Troy, N. Y. 

wheel . 

Spiral... 

.7591 

.7891 

Bernville, Pa. 

Smith’s Parker’s4th trial.. 

Spiral... 

.7509 

.7809 

Reading, Pa. 

Reading, Pa. 

Smith’s Parker’s 3rd trial.. 

Spiral... 

.7407 

.7707 

Stevenson’s 1st wheel. 

Jonval.. 

.7335 

.7035 

Paterson, N. J. 

Blake . 

Scroll.... 

.7109 

.7409 

East Peppered, Mass. 

Tyler . 

Scroll... 

.7123 

.7423 

West Lebanon, N. H. 

Geyelin’s 1st wheel. 

Jonval.. 

.6799 

.71.99 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Reading, Pa. 

Smith’s Parker’s 2nd wheel 

Spiral... 

.0720 

.7020 

Merchant’s Goodwin . 

Scroll... 

.6412 

.0712 

Guilford, N. Y. 

Mason’s Smith. 

Scroll... 

.0324 

.0024 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Andrew’s 1st wheel. 

Spiral... 

.0205 

.0505 

Bernville, Pa. 

Rich . 

Scroll... 

.0132 

.6432 

Salmon River, N. Y'. 

Littlepnge. 

Spiral... 

.5415 

.5715 

Austin, Texas. 

Monroe. 

Scroll... 

.5359 

.5059 

Worcester, Mass. 

Collins’ 1st wheel . 

Jonval.. 

.4734 

.5034 

Troy, N. Y. 





























THE WYNKOOP 


DOUBLE POWER WATERWHEEL. 


The Wynkoop Wheel consists of two well-known 
■wheels so arranged, one above the other, on separate 
shafts (one passing through the other) ns to be run with 
the same amount of water required to run either alone. 
The wheels are called Direct Action and Re-action—the 
former in the new combination by Mr. Wynkoop making 
just half the number of revolutions of the latter, but as 
the wheels are geared in harmony, the whole power of 
both is given to whatever machinery is to be run. The 
small amount of water required, as shown by the tables 
in the Wynkoop pamphlet, the gain in power over all 
wheels known, (fifty per cent, at least,) as shown by tables 
of horse-power, and verified at Mr. Parson’s Mill, in 
Saline, make this new improved Wheel one of the great 
inventions of the day. Indeed, it is so far in advance of 
other established wheels, that millwrights and hydraulic 
engineers cannot believe its tables, and so it is obliged to 
prove its title to favor, step by step, as every other great 
invention has done before it. 


Saline, Mich., August 25, 1870. 


The undersigned, a committee selected to measure the water 
which was used by a 48 inch Wynkoop Water-Wheel, in Mr. Par¬ 
son’s Mill, found in our experiment, as follows: The waste water 
which went over a twelve foot weir board was 4f in depth, giving 
14.7x144=504.72 cubic feet; after opening the gates of the wheel 
the measurement on the weir-board was 11.2 inches, standing at 



15 


that figure for twenty minutes, giving 15.11x144=2175 cubic feet, 
this, minus the waste, 504.72=1671.12 cubic feet used per minute. 
The head under which the wheel ran was 7 feet 23 inches. 


Very respectfully, 

EUGENE ROBINSON, 

City Surveyor, Detroit. 
JOHN E. EDWARDS, 

j Engineer, Detroit Water Works . 
TIIOS. S. CHRISTIE, 

(of Hodge & Christie,) Enqineers and Machinists. 
JAMES W. BARTLETT, 

Supt. Detroit Locomotive Works. 
JAS. ANDERSON, Architect, Detroit. 


Wynkoop Wateii-Wiieel Co.: 

Gentlemen, —We, the undersigned, acting as a committee to 
measure the head of water, as set forth in the above certificate,, 
would state that the head was 7 feet 2* inches. 

O. BOURKE, 

Pres. Board of Education, Detroit. 
JAMES B. WAYNE, 

Pres. Fulton Iron Works, Detroit - 
Hon. S. G. WIGHT. 

WM. BARCLAY, 

Chair. Board Water Commissioners. 
JOSEPH HAND, Millwright. 

J. IIOSMER, Engineer and Machinist. 


Saline, Mich., August 25, 1870. 
Wynkoop Water-Wheel Co. : 

Gentlemen, —We, the undersigned, practical millers, have this 
day had a trial of the work of a forty-eight inch Wynkoop Water- 
Wheel, in Mr. Parson’s Mill, at Saline, Michigan. 

The stone was set by Mr. Delubel, and ground a bushel of 
new wheat which was very damp, to our entire satisfaction, in two 
minutes and fifty-five seconds. The wheel takes 170 inches of water, 
and at the close of the grinding the head was found to be eight feet. 

WM. DELUBEL, 
JOHN CLEE, 

J. W. DAVIS. 




16 


Detroit, Mich., August 20, 1870. 

Wynkoop Water-Wheel Co. : 

Gentlemen ,—We, the undersigned, were present at Mr. Parson’s 
Mill, in Saline, when the above tests of grinding wheat, also, the 
measurement of water, were made, and know the statements above 
made to be true. 

WM. A. BUTLER, Banker , Detroit. 
EDWARD KAN TER, Banker, Detroit. 
Hon. N. W. BROOKS. 

JOHN PATTON, Sheriff ', Wayne Co. 
ELON W. HUDSON, Esq., Detroit. 
JOHN B PRICE, Esq., “ 

H. VONDERIIEIDER, Esq., “ 
ROBERT W. KINO, Esq., “ 
MORRIS WINSOR, Esq., Chicago. 
GEO. P. WILLIAMS, 

Prof. Physics in Michigan University. 


The following is the Mill-owner’s statement: 

c 


Saline, Washtenaw Co., July 29, 1870. 

To the Public: 


I take pleasure in saying that some two months since I ordered 
of the owners one of the Wynkoop Water-Wheels, to be placed in 
my Flouring Mill, subject to the tables, warrantee, and all the con¬ 
ditions set forth in the pamphlet recently published. After some 
delay, the wheel was set according to the directions in said pam¬ 
phlet, under the superintendence of Mr. Wynkoop, and it works 
entirely satisfactory, running up to the tables, and giving the power 
and doing the work claimed that it would do in said pamphlet. I 
have given my order for two more of said wheels, to be delivered as 
soon as they can be manufactured. I can assure parties wanting 
wheels, that the Wynkoop Wheel is all the inventor claims for it. 


Concurred in by 


R. W. PARSON, Owner of Mill. 
JOSEPH HAND, Millwright. 


The Miller’s statement is as follows : 

Mr. II. A. Jewett, of Saline, was engaged to superintend the 
grinding when the Wynkoop Wheel was started, on account of my 
being sick; but I saw the flour, and examined it before and after 
bolting, and it was first class, and the stone ground at the rate of 
seventeen bushels an hour, with seven feet head—the wheel using 
170 practical inches of water. This was on July 29th. 




17 


EXTRACT FROM THE TABLED RATE OF A 42-INCH 

WYNKOOP WHEEL. 


Head—Feet. 

Cubic feet 
Diseha: ged per 
.Minute. 

Revolutions per 
Minute of Direct 
Action Wheel. 

Revolutions per 
Minute of Re-action 
Wheel. 

Horse-Power. 

10 

771 

83 

100 

19.00 

11 

SOS 

88 

170 

22.72 

12 

814 

92 

188 

25.89 

13 

879 

90 

192 

29.17 

14 

912 

100 

200 

32.03 

15 

944 

104 

208 

30.18 

10 

980 

111 

222 

40.17 


ACTUAL PERFORMANCE PER TEST. 

No allowance being made for a large quantity of water escaping 
over the sides of the Pit, the weir being too short for the 
discharge. 


Head. 

Cubic feet. 

Horse-Power. 

Percentage. 

10 75 

1685.76 

21.23 

62 07 

15.12 

2318.23 

36.51 

55.13 


Any one reading the foregoing articles will find little 
to prove the claims of one better authenticated than the 
others, unless, indeed, the evidence preponderates in favor 
of Mr. Wynkoop, who claims that 100 pounds of water 
used by his device will lift 140 pounds back from whence 
the 100 started; a little better result, certainly, than 
claimed by the others, and wheel-builders generally, but 
differing in degree only, and what might be expected to 
follow from the extravagant pretensions of the earlier 
Turbine builders; pretensions that have been the cause 
of immense damage to manufacturers, through the sub¬ 
stitutions of poor Turbines for far better “Breast,” or 























18 


“Overshot” wheels. That a first-class Turbine is practi¬ 
cally superior, under any head, to a Breast wheel there is 
little reason to doubt; but that it will give a useful effect 
of 92 per cent, under any circumstances, or that the Four- 
neyron wheels used at Lowell (running as they do, the 
most of the time at partial gate) give an average useful 
effect of 75 per cent., is very doubtful / but, the Tur¬ 
bine runs steadier, and at higher speed requires less 
gearing, is more easily regulated, costs less, is not 
affected by ice nor back-water, only as to loss of head, 
takes less room, etc., etc. This only applies to the best Tur¬ 
bines. It is stated that under favorable circumstances M. 
Fourneyron obtained 87 percent, with his wheel; and, as 
Mr. Boyden was only allowed 88—3 per cent, of that being 
due his Diffuser—it is difficult to understand in what way he 
improved the percentage of the Fourneyron wheel; and it 
is also quite as difficult to understand why, of the twelve 
competitors at the Philadelphia trial, in 1800, seven of 
which furnished wheels, reported as giving from 74.23 to 
90.77 per cent., only one (Tyler) is now known outside of 
his own town or county, while builders of recent date, 
whose wheels are tabled considerably below the average 
rate allowed those seven, are known and are furnishing 
parties with wheels from Maine to California. 

In my Report of Tests (last part of this book) can be 
seen the results obtained by two Tyler wheels like the one 
tested at Philadelphia. The two were alike, except one 
had wrought, the other cast iron buckets. 

The one with wrought iron buckets gave - - - 67.10 

The one with cast iron buckets gave.67.40 

about 7 per cent, less than the reported result at Philadel¬ 
phia ; deduct that amount from the others, and their rates 
would be within the reach of builders of the present day, 


19 


though it is doubtful whether a Jonval running on a step 
can be made to give a useful effect of 82 per cent., there 
is so much pressure downwards; but, so far as my experi¬ 
ence goes, wheels built on that principle run steadier when 
loaded than those with vertical buckets, operated by the 
velocity of the water. There is little probability that 
wheels will ever be made that will practically give more 
than 80 per cent., but what is wanted is a wheel that will 
do that at partial as well as at whole gate. Many plans 
have been tried for that purpose, but, so far, with less 
favorable results than is desirable. 

W. S. Davis, of Contoocook, X. IT., has a patent curb 
for that purpose, (see Report of Tests.) The wheel used 
in it may have been partially the cause of the experiment 
proving unsuccessful. 

Very favorable results were obtained, the past season, 
by stopping a number of the guides of a 30-inch Houston 
wheel with blocks of wood. At whole gate, under 15 
feet head, the wheel discharged 1279^- cubic feet of water 
per minute, giving 29.45 horse-power, and 81.2 per cent. 
With four of the guides stopped it discharged, under 
15.56 feet head, 1016 cubic feet, giving 22.72 horse-power 
and 76 per cent. With seven, or half of the guides 
stopped, under 15.73 feet head, it discharged 754 cubic 
feet, giving 15.76 horse-power and 70 per cent. But, such 
results are impracticable for daily use, unless the gate can 
be arranged to operate as the blocks did. 

Several builders have constructed wheels with tiers 
of buckets, or by dividing the usual bucket into three 
parts, opening the gate one-third, two-thirds, etc., but an 
excess of buckets has an injurious effect at whole gate. 
(See Report of Whitney’s and Stetson’s wheels.) The 
same result would be likely to follow the division of the 


# 


20 


guides, while the wheel is far more likely to become 
choked with leaves, sticks, eels, etc. 

In testing in an open or decked flume I have found so 
little difference that the circumstances of the particular case 
would govern me if I were going to construct a flume 
for manufacturing purposes. It has been thought that a 
wheel would do better with the whole head of water 
standing over it than when placed in an “Iron Case,” the 
water entering the side ; but in practice I have found 
nothing to confirm such an opinion, even when the lowest 
part of the inlet was below the flange of the curb in 
which the wheel was placed. 

In my Report of wheels tested I have stated that 
there are good reasons for believing that the percentage 
of a wheel varies with the head under which it is tested. 
I have figures obtained from the test of a Houston wheel 
under a low head that give a higher result than obtained 
by the Risdon wheel at Mount Holly, while experiments 
with N. F. Burnham’s “ New Turbine,” by D.M. Ettinger, 
C. E., under 6 feet head, compared with its results at 
Lowell coincide so nearly with the Risdon tests that they 
confirm me in that opinion ; I am inclined to think, how¬ 
ever, that this applies to Direct Action, while the reverse 
may be the case with the Re-action Wheels; still, it is 
possible that a wheel is only adapted to one head. The 
point is one of so much importance that, as stated in my 
Report, I shall immediately construct a Testing Flume 
for the purpose of effectually deciding it. 

DISPUTED POINT. 

I have made many experiments with the same wheel, 
testing it both day and night, but have never found any¬ 
thing to favor the impression that a wheel does more work 
in the night than in the day-time. 


✓ 


21 


EXPERIMENTING WITH DIFFUSER. 

The Risdon 30-inch wheel was tested with a Diffuser 
made as follows: attached to the bottom of the curb, in 
which the wheel was placed, there was a tube about 27 
inches in length, and 20 inches diameter at the top, and 
flaring like a trumpet mouth at the bottom; another tube 
of the same form, but little shorter than the first, 30 inches 
in diameter, was connected to the curb, leaving an annular 
space of about five inches between the two, through 
which the water discharged from the wheel, passed down¬ 
ward, then outward. Result may be found in Report. 

BARKER MILL. 

As there are many that have never seen the Barker 
Mill, I will give Mr. Glynn’s description of it. 

Barker’s mill consists of an upright pipe or tube, 
with a funnel-shaped open top, but closed at the lower 
end ; and from the lower end project two horizontal pipes 
or arms, also closed at the outer ends, and placed opposite 
to each other, at right angles with the vertical tube, so as 
to form a cross. Near to the end of each horizontal pipe, 
and on one side of it, is a round hole, the two holes being 
opposite to each other. The upright pipe is mounted 
upon an axis or spindle, and is kept full of water flowing 
into the top. 

The water, issuing from the holes on the opposite 
sides of the horizontal arms, cause the machine to revolve 
rapidly on its axis, with a velocity nearly equal to that of 
the effluent water, and with a force proportionate to the 
hydrostatic pressure cfiven by the vertical column, and to 
the areas of the apertures; for there is no solid surface 
at the hole on which the lateral pressure can be exerted, 
while it acts with its full force on the opposite side of 
the area. 


An engraving of it may be seen in my Report, where 
it is combined with a Fourneyron wheel. The jets of 
water from the horizontal arms striking the buckets of the 


22 


Fourneyron wheel, upon the same principle as of a man 
standing upon one car and pushing one in an opposite 
direction, his length, however, is extended between the 
two in the same space as between one and a fixed, rest¬ 
ing point. 

FINISHED WHEELS. 

There is an impression prevalent that wheels made 
with polished surfaces will give higher results than those 
with common finish. I have never tested a polished 
wheel but where the same person has furnished two or 
more wheels to be tested. The rough one has in several 
instances given the highest percentage, and I think there 
would be little difference if wheels were alike in other 
respects, whether the surfaces were polished or painted. 
The Burnham wheel gave a little higher result after 
the buckets were filed to an edge, and the shaft filed 
to loosen it in the upper bearing. Easing it in the bear¬ 
ing, I think, was the sole cause of the gain. 

In my report, I have stated that a resemblance is no 
guarantee of merit. The Bastion wheel was designed to 
be the same as the Houston. Its result may be seen in 
Report. The last two of that make were made with 
Wicket Gate placed underneath, in a tube ; at part-gate 
that arrangement proved very injurious. 

I am often asked about the size of the canal, flume, 
or pipe necessary to conduct water to a wheel. I am not 
good authority upon that point, but think there is little 
danger of getting the conduit too large. I am informed, 
however, by one of the most experienced engineers in 
the country, that water moving four feet per second draws 
the head down eight inches to the hundred feet; of course, 
it would be better if its velocity were less, but that 
answers very well when it is necessary to economize in 


23 


outlay. Consequently, a wheel discharging 1G feet per 
second would be supplied by a conduit with a sectional 
area of four square feet, or two feet square in the clear. 
Enlarging, or flaring both ends of the conduit, is supposed 
to improve it. 


1IE-IN VENTING OLD DEVICES. 

I frequently receive circulars with diagrams represent¬ 
ing wheels just invented by the sender, which, upon 
examination, prove to be old and well known. The one 
tabled in my Report as the Tice wheel may be found 
represented in the work, previously quoted, by Josejfli 
Glynn. Here is his description of it. 

A compact cheap turbine, invented by Mr. Schiele, 
has recently come into extensive use. It has a high 
effective working power, and is simple in construction. 
The water enters at the periphery of the wheel and passes 
out from the sides, upwards and downwards, without pro¬ 
ducing so much noise and foam as usually occur with 
common turbines. This freedom from noise and splashing 
is an indication that most of the power is taken off from 
the water. The simplicity of construction facilitates 
access to, and separation of, the various parts of the 
wheels. They are well adapted for small work, such as 
blowing the bellows of organs, working fans for ventila¬ 
tion, printing presses, &c., as they occupy but a small 
space, and can be placed in any part of a building. 

I received a circular from a party in California who 
had just invented the same; he had tabled it at 98 per 
cent., and at the head of his tables was the common state¬ 
ment heading the tables of many wheel-builders: 

“These tables were calculated expressly for our wheel 
and are adapted to no other.” 

Excellent so far as the statement goes, but to com¬ 
plete it properly it should continue, “and perhaps least of 
all to our own.” 


24 


The time has passed for such statements to have 
much influence—for the users of wheels desire facts in¬ 
stead of fabulous statement—and I will now proceed to 
describe the manner of determining the exact merits of a 
wheel. 



IMPROVE/) PRONY BRAKE . 



















































































































































































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DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS 

Representing Testing Flume and Pit. 


Through an opening in the side of Forebay may be seen 
a Turbine wheel with its shaft extending upwards, on the 
upper end of which, above the Forebay, is secured the 
instrument for weighing the power transmitted from the 
water discharged. 

To ascertain the useful effect, it is necessary to know 
the head under which the wheel works, also the quantity 
of water discharged by it in a given time. 

The head is the difference in bight between the sur¬ 
face level of water in the Pit and Forebay when the 
wheel is running, at which time there is generally too 
much disturbance in the water to allow of accuracy by 
direct measurement, thus necessitating the use of the 
tanks A and B; these are connected to Pit and Forebay 
by three-quarters inch pipes, through which the water 
flows so as to equalize the surface of water in tank and 
source, but too slow to cause ebullition, consequently, tin* 
water flows quietly from the lower end of the tanks 
through the rubber pipes to the glass tubes placed at the 
side of the measuring pole D. The tank B, however, is 
not connected directly with the water in the pit, but to 
the end of a pipe, the other end of which is plugged and 
bent up stream, partially encircling the wheel. This pipe 
may be seen in the Plan View, where it is represented as 



30 


being above the water, while in fact it rests upon the 
bottom of the Pit. Along the whole length of this pipe, 
on its upper side, there are holes one-eighth of an inch in 
diameter, and sufficient in number to equal the calibre of 
the pipe. This arrangement is designed to average the 
depth of water in the pit, to determine the true surface 
from which to obtain the exact head under which the 
wheel works. The lower end of the pole D is generally 
placed level with the crest of the weir, a convenient 
arrangement, but not essential; all that is necessary is to 
obtain the exact difference between the true surface ot 
water in Pit and Forebay when the wheel is running. 

In the Plan View, another pipe is represented, extend¬ 
ing across the Pit 'just above the weir. This pipe is 
pin gged at one end, has holes along its upper side the 
same as the one before described, it also rests upon the 
bottom of the Pit, its open end being connected to the 
tank C by a rubber pipe. This tank slides up and down 
on two parallel rods secured close to the side of the Pit— 
a counterpoise holds the tank at any required hight. The 
Hook Gauge is firmly fixed to a timber in such a position 
that the point of the hook will drop in a perpendicular 
line through the center of the tank, and it will save 
making corrections for each measurement by placing the 
point of the hook exactly level with the crest of the weir 
when the scale of the gauge is standing at zero. 

The proper dimensions for a Testing Flume are, of 
course, determined by the size of wheels to be tested. The 
Forebay, in diameter, should at least be twice that of any 
wheel to be placed in it, while the width of the Pit should 
equal one and a half times the length of the weir; below 
the crest of which, the depth should equal four times the 
depth of the stream likely to flow over it. The weir 
•should stand at least twenty feet from the wheel, and at 


nn exact right angle witli the How of the water. Two 
racks sliculd be placed between the weir and wheel—the 
lower one eight feet from the weir. The openings in upper 
rack should not exceed three-quarters of an inch in width, 
the lower one not over one-half inch. A Pit suitable to 
test a four feet wheel should be at least sixteen feet in 
width and four feet deep below the crest of the weir. 

The Dynamometer, or instrument used to determine* 
the power transmitted, is simply an improved “ Prony 
Brake,” an engraving of it may be seen on one of the 
preceding pages. The wheel B is secured to the shaft 
of the water-wheel, an 1 its speed is controlled by the 
friction-band A, which is connected to the scale beam as 
shown, the point of connection describing a circle of a 
given number of feet. The rim of the wheel and the* 
friction-band are hollow, and kept cool by streams of cold 
water passing through them; the water in the rim of the 
wheel being supplied through its hollow arms and the 
pipe, shown in the engraving. The wheel B is made 
of cast iron, the friction band of “composition,” or 
“ gun metal.” The hands of the “ counter” are so arranged 
in connection with a worm gear that they can be made to 
rotate in the same direction the hands of a clock move, 
whichever way the wheel being tested may revolve. 

The hand wheel for operating the friction band 
through the screw M has a “Universal Joint,” in its 
shaft, which is arranged with a slide to prevent fraud while 
testing. The connection of the band with the scale-beam 
is made by knife-edged links, and the pivot of the beam 
is also knife-edged. The weights are suspended at one 
end of the beam as shown at C; at the other end is the 
“dash-pot,” or Hydraulic Regulator D, filled with water 
to hold the beam steady. The pot is made of cast iron, 
bored out perfectly true. The plunger on the end of the 


32 


rod is a thin disk of iron turned to fit the pot loosely, so 
as to allow it to move perfectly free; it lias six three- 
eighths inch holes through it stopped with brass thumb 
screws; one or more of these may be removed at any time 
to render the beam more sensitive, but the screws must 
be left lying on the plunger, that the weight may not be 
changed. To prepare the instrument for testing, the “dash- 
pot” should be filled with water, the screws removed from 
the holes in the plunger, but left upon it, the beam leveled 
with the indicator standing at zero, as shown at E ; then 
place a small weight in the scale pan, and observe the 
number of seconds required for the weighted end to settle 
one-half inch ; then change the weight to the other end 
of the beam, the same distance from the fulcrum, and 
change the balance weight until the beam is balanced ; 
then return the screws to the holes in the plunger, and 
connect the beam to the friction-band by the links for that 
purpose. 

When testing, I find that the simplest and surest 
method of obtaining the correct number of revolutions of 
the wheel, is to hold the hands of the counter at zero until 
the “ timer ” is ready; then to run five minutes, and divide 
by that number to obtain the revolutions ner minute. 

The hight of water in Forebay and Pit should be 
noted frequently, and weir readings of Hook Gauge every 
thirty seconds and the averages used. The most perfect 
measurement with the Hook Gauge can be obtained by 
keeping the top of the tank C nearly level with the sur¬ 
face of the water in it, then by looking across it the point 
of the Hook may be seen the moment it breaks the sur¬ 
face. 

In testing a wheel I begin with a light weight, say 
for a 30-inch wheel under fifteen feet head, start with 100 
pounds, run five minutes—the man at the wheel keeping 


33 


the beam level—then change to 125 pounds and repeat. 
Continue to change 25 pounds everv five minutes until 
the speed of the wheel is reduced below its best point, 
which is reached, we will say, when it is carrying 260 
pounds; then reduce the weight to 245 pounds, and 
change 10 pounds every five minutes until the best point 
is again passed, which is found, say, when it is carrying 
265 pounds; reduce the weight again to, say, 252^ pounds 
and change the weight 5 pounds at a time every five 
minutes. Sometimes, when not in a hurry, I commence 
with 100 pounds and run to TOO, or even 800, then, again, 
I might start, on the same wheel (if I knew about the 
proper weight for it) say, with 600 pounds, and not 
change more than 100 during the whole test. Some 
parties desire to have their wheels tested with as short a 
range of weights as can be used and the wheel’s best 
speed be found, for the purpose of showing even results 
through the whole test; but, to the initiated, such results 
would appear no better than where greater changes were 
recorded if the weights varied with the speed. Of course, 
the more the speed of a wheel can be varied without 
affecting its percentage the better, but that is only deter¬ 
mined by using a long range of weights while testing it. 

The power transmitted by the wheel is determined 
as follows : Suppose the scale beam is attached to the 
friction brake at a point which, if revolving, would de¬ 
scribe a circle of twenty feet, and the wheel, running one 
hundred revolutions per minute, holds the beam at zero 
when loaded with five hundred pounds. 20 X 100 = 
2000 X 500 = 1000000 -f- 33000 gives 30.30 Id. P.; divide 
the transmitted power, by the power of the water used, to 
ascertain the useful effect of the wheel. 

Three examples are herewith given for computing 
results, all in accordance with J. B. Francis’ Formula, the 


Q 4 

o-± 

first including the correction for velocity of water ap¬ 
proaching the weir, but the two last are sufficiently ac¬ 
curate for all practical purposes where the Testing Pit 
is constructed according to the dimensions I have given. 
The examples and tables giving the quantity of water 
flowing over weirs were prepared by my daughter, assisted 
by Mr. Win. S. South worth. The tables giving velocity of 
water due various heads were furnished bv A. M. Swain. 


TEST 17—TYLER WHEEL. 

September 21 and 23, 1871. Worked out according to 
the formula of .T. B. Francis. 

149.2 Rev. per in. 

20 Circumference of circle. 


2984.0 
300 Lbs. 

33000)895200 Foot lbs. (27.13 H. P. of wheel. 
66000 


235200 

231000 


42000 

33000 


90000 

Q. per sec.=3.33(1—-O.lnH)H® 

1.0615 Height of water on weir. 
—.0145 Correction for weir level. 


1.0470 








35 


1.0470 

.2 Number of end contractions X 0.1. 
.20940 

G.00000 Length of weir. 

5.79060=0.7627236 
3.33=0.5224442 
1.047=0.0199467 > 

0.0099733 

60=1.7781513 


1239.48=3.0932391=Q. per min. 

15.695=1.1957G13=Fall. 

62.336=1.7947389=Weight of cubic foot. 
33000 (a c)=5.4814861=IIorse Power. 

36.75=1.5652254=11. P. of water. 
27.13=1.4334498=11. P. of wheel. 


► .7383=1.8682244=Ratio, or, percentage. 

The formula for correcting the depth for the velocity 
of the water approaching the weir is 

H'=|711 -|-4) *—A -1 ^ 
in which the factor 


v being the velocity found by dividing the Q per second 
by the section of the stream approaching the weir. As 
the Hume approaching the weir was 14 feet wide, and 
the bottom of it was 3.5 feet below the crest of the weir, 
it follows that the area of a section of the stream, when 
there was 1.047 feet of water flowing over, is 14(3.5—|— 
1.047)=63.658 square feet. 











36 


Q per sec.=20.658=1.3150883 

Section=63.658=1.8038530 

I.5112353=v 


1.0224706=v 2 
2.1916296=2 g (a c) 

.0016=3.2141002=4 

216070501 

.0001=5.8211503=4- 

Then H-|-4= 1.047-J-.0016=1.0486. 
1.0486=0.0206099 
0.0103049 

1.0738=0.0309148=(H-|-4)^ 

Then (H-f-4)—4^= 1.0738—.0001=1.0737. 
1.0737=0.0308830 
0.0102943 

1.0486=0.0205887 

1.0486= H'=corrected depth on the weir. 

Substituting H' for II in the weir formula first «m-en 

above, we find the corrected Q to be 1242.25 cubic” feet 
per minute. 

1.0486 

.2 

.20972 

6.00000 


5.79028=0.7626996 










5.79028=0.7626996 

3.33=0.5224442 

1.0486=0.0206099 

0.0103049 

60=1.7781513 


1242.25=3.0942099 
15.695=1.1957613 
62.336=1.7947389 
33000 (a c)=5.4814861 


1.5661962 

27.13=1.4334498 


Ratio of useful effect .7366=1.8672536 


Process of finding the Q by the weir table. 

Length of weir 6 feet. Depth on the weir 1.0615— 
the correction 0.145=1.047. There being no quantity for 
1.047 it is found by “differences,” thus: 

The quantity for 1.045 is 1236.02. 

The quantity for 1.050 is 1244.68. 

Their difference = 8.66. This quantity represents a 
difference of .005 in II. I of 8.66 = the difference for 
.001, =1.73, x 2 = 3.46, or the difference for .002. This 
added to the quantity given for 1.045 = 1239.48. Using 
this as Q, repeat the logarithmic process used above for 
finding the II. P. and percentage. 


By the common arithmetical process, using the table. 

1239.48X15.695X62.336 _ 

33000 —30./& 

36.75 = the II. P. of the water. Then the ratio of 27.13 
the actual H. P. to 36.75 H. P. is 


97 1 

|== 0 . 7383 : 
3b./ 3 


useful effect of the wheel. 








38 


Example— 1239.48 

15.695 


619740 

1115532 

743688 

619740 

123948 


19453.6386 

62.336 


1167218316 

583609158 

583609158 

389072772 

1167218316 

33000)1212662.016(36.74 II. P. of water. 
99000 

222662 

198000 


246620 

231000 


156201 

36.74)27.130000(.7383 Percentage. 
25718 

14120 

11022 


30980 

29392 


15880 













0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

I) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0, 

0. 

0, 

0. 

0, 

0 . 

o. 

0. 

0 . 

0 . 

0 . 

0. 

0 . 

0. 

0 . 

o' 

0 . 

0 . 

o’ 

<>■ 

0 

0 . 

0. 


39 


iter, in cubic feet per minute, flowing over Weirs 
•nt lengths, with varying depths of Water. 


450.41 
401.15 
405.01 
470.09 
4/5.47 
4S >.28 
485.09 
489.92 
491.77 
499.05 
504.50 
509.39 
514.29 
519.21 
524.14 




LENGTH 

OF THE 

WElll 

• 




44 Ft 

O Ft 

7 Ft 

S Ft. 

3 4) Ft 

i» 

Ft 

90 Ft 

20 Ft 

275 

50 

410.78 

487 

42 

558 

00 

099 

.34 

840 

.02 

1123.18 

1405.74 

279 

.57 

422.97 

494 

07 

500 

.38 

709 

.78 

853 

.18 

1139.99 

1420.80 

283 

00 

429.20 

501 

97 

571 

.74 

720 

.27 

805 

.81 

1156.89 

1447.97 

287 

7(> 

435.45 

509 

29 

583 

.13 

730 

.82 

878 

.5(> 

1173.87 

1469 24 

291 

89 

441.73 

510 

05 

591 

.0/ 

741 

.41 

891 

.25 

1190.94 

1490.02 

290 

03 

448.04 

524 

05 

000 

.05 

752 

.00 

904 

.09 

1208.08 

1512.09 

300 

.20 

454.38 

531 

47 

008 

.50 

702 

. in 

910 

.93 

1225.30 

1533.07 

304 

.38 

400.75 

538 

93 

017 

.12 

773 

.49 

929 

.80 

1242.00 

1555.34 

308 

.57 

407.14 

540 

.43 

025 

.71 

784 

.28 

942 

.85 

1259.98 

1577.12 

312 

79 

473.59 

553 

.95 

034 

.34 

795 

.12 

955 

.89 

1277.44 

1598.99 

317 

.02 

480.01 

501 

.51 

4543 

.01 

800 

00 

9(59 

.00 

1294-99 

1020.97 

321 

27 

480 49 

569 

10 

051 

.71 

81(5 

.93 

982 

.10 

1312.00 

1043.04 

325 

.54 

493.00 

570 

.73 

000 

.46 

827 

.92 

995 

.37 

1330.29 

1005.21 

329 

.82 

499.53 

584 

38 

009 

24 

838 

.94 

1008 

.05 

1348-00 

1087.48 

334 

13 

500.09 

592 

07 

078 

.05 

850 

02 

1021 

98 

1365.91 

1709.84 

338 

45 

512.68 

599 

79 

08(5 

91 

8(51 

14 

1035 

37 

1383.84 

1732.30 

342 

.78 

519.29 

007 

54 

095 

80 

872 

31 

1048 

82 

1401.84 

1754.86 

347 

13 

525.93 

015 

33 

704 

.73 

883. 

52 

10(52 

32 

1419.91 

1777.51 

351 

.50 

532.00 

023 

14 

713 

09 

894 

78 

1075 

88 

1438.07 

1800.25 

355 

.89 

539.29 

0.30 

99 

722 

.09 

900 

09 

1089 

49 

1456.29 

1823.09 

300 

.29 

546.01 

638 

87 

731 

73 

917 

44 

1103 

10 

1474.00 

1840.03 

304 

.71 

552.70 

640 

78 

740 

80 

928 

84 

1110 

.88 

1192.97 

1809.00 

309 

15 

559.53 

654 

72 

749 

91 

940 

28 

1130 

06 

1511.42 

1892.18 

878 

.90 

500.32 

002 

08 

759 

05 

951 

77 

1144 

50 

1529.95 

1915.40 

378 

.07 

573.15 

070 

68 

708. 

23 

903 

31 

1158 

39 

1548.55 

1938.71 

382 

55 

579.99 

078 

72 

777 

44 

974 

88 

1172 

33 

1507.22 

1902.11 

387 

.05 

580.87 

083 

.78 

780. 

69 

980 

50 

1186 

32 

1585.90 

1985.00 

391 

56 

593.77 

694 

87 

795 

97 

998 

17 

1200 

37 

1004.78 

20 9.18 

390 

10 

000.09 

702 

99 

805 

29 

1009 

88 

1214 

48 

1023-07 

2032.80 

400 

04 

007.64 

711 

14 

814 

64 

1021 

04 

1228 

(53 

1042.63 

2050.62 

405 

21 

014.62 

719 

32 

824 

02 

1033 

43 

1242 

81 

1001.00 

2080.48 

409 

78 

021.61 

727 

53 

833 

44 

KM5 

28 

1257 

10 

1080.70 

2104.42 

414 

38 

628.64 

735 

77 

842 

90 

1057. 

K 

1271 

42 

1099.94 

2128.40 

418 

99 

635.09 

744. 

04 

852 

39 

10(59 

09 

1285 

79 

1719.19 

2152.58 

423. 

01 

642.70 

752 

34 

8(51 

91 

1081. 

0(5 

1300 

21 

1738.50 

2176.80 

428. 

25 

049.80 

760. 

66 

871. 

47 

1093. 

07 

1314 

08 

1757.89 

2201.10 

432. 

91 

050.98 

709. 

02 

881. 

00 

1H 5. 

13 

1329. 

20 

1777.34 

2225.49 

437. 

58 

004.13 

777. 

40 

890. 

68 

1117. 

22 

1343. 

i 1 

1790.871 

2249.97 

442 

20 

071.30 

785. 

81 

900. 

»•>*> 

oo 

1129. 

30 

1358. 

40 

1810.46 

2274 53 

440. 

90 

078.49 

794. 

20 

910. 

02 

1141. 

55 

1373. 

071 

1830.131 

2.-99.18 

451. 

09 

085.71 

802. 

72 

919. 

74 

1153. 

77 

1387. 

80 

1855.86 

2323.92 


092.95 

700.22 

707.50 
714.82 

722.15 

729.51 
730.89 
744.30 
751.73 
759.18 
700.05 

774.15 
781.07 
789.21 
790. 77 


811.22 
819 75 
828.30 
830.88 

845.49 
854.13 
802.79 

871.49 
880.21 
888.95 
897.72 


929.49 


1100 


939.281178 


04 
34 
09 
08 
51 

978.751227.08 
49 
(5 


949.10 

958.95 

908.8! 


1190. 

1203. 

121 


>. 


988 09 
998.07 
1008.08 
1018.73 
1028.80 


906.52 1038.90 


14' '2. 
1417. 
1432 
1447 
1402. 
1477. 
1492. 
1507. 
04 1522. 
27 i 1537. 


1875.00 
1895. 


28 1915.47 


2348.75 

2373.00 

2398.00 


7.21 1935.48 2423.74 
19 1955.55,2448.91 
221975 


09;2474.16 


1240. 

1253. 

1205. 

1278. 

1290.95 1553. 
1303. 


001508. 

915 • 35 1049.04:1316.4111583. 
924.21 1059.2011329.20,' 15! 19. 
933.091009.4011342.03I1014. 


30 1995. 
42 2010. 
00(2030. 
82:2056. 
092977. 
422097. 
782118. 
202139. 
072159. 


90 2499.50 
172524.92 
51 2550.42 
92 2570.01 
392001.68 
932027.44 
532053.28 
20 2079.20 
93,2705.20 













































40 


D’pth 

on 

Weir. 


Ft. 


0.780 

0.7S5 

0.700 

0.795 

0.800 

0.805 

0.810 

0.815 

0.820 

0.825 

0.830 

0.835 

0.840 

0.845 

0.S5O 

0.855 

0.800 

0.805 

0.870 

0.875 

0.880 

0.885 

0.800 

0.895 

0.900 

0.905 

0.910 

0.915 

0.920 

0.925 

0.930 

0.935 

0.940 

0.945 

0.950 

0.955 

0.900 

0.905 

0.970 

0.975 

0.980 

0.985 

0.990 

0.995 

1.000 

1.005 

1.010 

1.015 

1.020 

1.025 

1.030 

1.035 

1.040 

1.045 

1.050 

1.055 

1.000 

1.005 

1.070 

1.075 


LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 


3 Ft. 

4 Ft 

(> Ft 

; Ft. 

* Ft. 

lO Ft. 

12 Ft. 

|l® Ft.l 20 Ft. 

391.44 

529.08 

804.35 

941.91 

1079.63 

1354.91 

103' >. 18 

2180.73 

2731.28 

395.07 

534. <4 

811.90 

950.93 

1089.89 

1367.82 

1645.74 

2201.59 

2757.45 

398.71 

539.01 

819.59 

959 88 

1100.18 

1380.7< 

1601.35 

2222.52 

2783.69 

402.30 

543.99 

827.24 

908.87 

1110.50 

1393.75 

1677.00 

2243.51 

2810.02 

400.02 

548.99 

834.92 

977.88 

1120.85 

1406.78 

1692.71 

2264.57 

2836.43 

409.09 

554.01 

842.01 

980.92 

1131.23 

1419.84 

1708.40 

2285,69 

2862.92 

413.37 

559.02 

850.33 

995.98 

1141.04 

1432 95 

I 24.25 

2306.87 

2889.49 

417.05 

504.00 

858.07 

1005.07 

1152.08 

1446 09 

1740.10 

2328.12 

2916.14 

420•75 

509.11 

805 83 

1014 19 

1102.55 

1459.27 

1755.99 

2349.43 

2942.87 

424.45 

574.17 

873.01 

1023.33 

1173 05 

1472.48 

1771.92 

2370.80 

2969.67 

428.17 

579.25 

881.41 

1032.49 

1183.58 

1485.74 

1787.90 

2392.23 

2996.56 

431.89 

584.34 

889.24 

1041 69 

1194.13 

1499.1 3 

1803.93 

2413.73 

3023.55 

435.62 

589.44 

897.08 

1050.90 

1204.72 

1512.36 

1820.00 

2435.29 

3050.57 

439.36 

594.50 

904.95 

1000.14 

1215 34 

1525.73 

1830.12 

2456 91 

3077.69 

443.11 

599.08 

912.84 

1009.41 

1225.99 

1539.14 

1852.29 

2478.59 

3104.89 

440.87 

604.83 

920.74 

1078.70 

1236.60 

1552.58 

1868.50 

2500.33 

3132.17 

450.63 

609.98 

928.07 

1088.02 

1247.37 

1500.06 

1884.75 

2522.14 

3159.53 

454.41 

615.15 

930.62 

1097.36 

1258.10 

1579.58 

1901.05 

2544.01 

3186.96 

458.19 

620.33 

944.59 

1106.73 

1208.86 

1593.13 

1917.40 

2505.93 

3214.47 

401.98 

625.52 

952.58 

1116.12 

1279.65 

1600.72 

193.:. 79 

2587 92 

3242.06 

465.78 

630.72 

960.60 

1125.53 

1290.47 

1620.35 

1950.22 

2609.97 

3269.72 

409.59 

635.94 

968.03 

1134.97 

1301.32 

1634 01 

1960 70 

262.08 

3297.46 

473.41 

641.17 

976.68 

1144.44 

1312.19 

1647.71 

1983.22 

2654.25 

3325.28 

477.24 

646.41 

984.75 

1153.93 

1323.10 

1661.44 

1999.80 

2676.48 

3353.17 

481.07 

651.66 

992 85 

1163.44 

1334.03 

1675.22 

2016.40 

2698.77 

3381.14 

484.91 

656.93 

1000.90 

1172.98 

1344.99 

1689.02 

2033.05 

2721.12 

3109.18 

488.70 

662.21 

1009.09 

1182.54 

1355.98 

1702.87 

2049.75 

2743.53 

3437.30 

492.62 

667.50 

1017.25 

1192.12 

1367.00 

1716.75 

2000.49 

2765.99 

3465.49 

490.49 

672.80 

1025.42 

1201.73 

1378.04 

1<30.06 

2083.28 

2788.52 

3493.7(5 

500 30 

678.12 

1033.61 

1211.30 

1389.11 

1744.61 

2100.11 

2811.11 

3522.10 

504.25 

683.44 

1041.S2 

1221.02 

1400.21 

1758.00 

2116.98 

2833.75 

3550.52 

508 14 

688.78 

1050.06 

1230.70 

1411.34 

1772.62 

2133.90 

2856.45 

3579.01 

512.04 

694.13 

1058.31 

1240.40 

1422.49 

1<80.07 

2150.85 

2879.22 

3607.'8 

515.95 

699.49 

1000.58 

1250.13 

1433.07 

1800.76 

2167.85 

2902.03 

363(5.22 

519.80 

704.87 

1074.S7 

1259.88 

1414.88 

1814.89 

2184.90 

2924.91 

3664.93 

523.78 

710.25 

1083.18 

1209.65 

1450.11 

1829 05 

2201.98 

2947.85 

3693.71 

527.71 

715.65 

1091.51 

1279.45 

1407.38 

1843.24 

2219.11 

2970.84 

3722 57 

531.05 

721.00 

1099.80 

1289.27 

14 * 8*01 

1857.47 

2236.28 

2993.89 

3751.50 

535.00 

720.48 

1108.23 

1299.11 

1489.98 

1871.74 

2253.49 

3017.00 

3780 50 

539.55 

731.91 

1110.62 

1308.97 

1501.33 

1886.04 

2270.74 

3640.16 

3809.58 

543.52 

737.35 

1125.02 

1318.80 

1512.70 

1900.37 

2288.04 

3063.39 

38.18.73 

547.49 

742.81 

1133.45 

1328.77 

1524.09 

1914.74 

2305.38 

3(80 66 

3867.95 

551.40 

748.27 

1141.89 

1338.70 

1535.52 

1929.14 

2322.76 

3110.00 

3897.24 

555.45 

753.75 

1150.36 

1348.00 

1546.96 

1943.57 

2340.18 

313 L 39 

3926.60 

559.44 

759.24 

1158.84 

1358.64 

1558.44 

1958.04 

2357.64 

3153.84 

3956.04 

• • • • • « 

• • • • • 

1167.34 

1368.64 

1509.94 

1972.54 

2375.14 

3180.34 

3985.55 

• ••••• 

•••••• 

1175.86 

1378.66 

1581.47 

1987.08 

2392.69 

3203.90 

4015.12 

•••it* 

• ••••• 

1184.4'> 

1388.71 

1593.02 

2001.65 

2410.27 

3227.52 

4011.77 

•••••• 

. 

1192.95 

1398.78 

1004.00 

2016.25 

2427.90 

3251.1! 

4074.49 



12 j 1.53 

1408.87 

1010 21 

2030 89 

2115 50 

• >•>74 < 2 

4104 *'8 

•••••• 

» • • • • • 

1210.12 

1418.98 

1027.84 

2045.56 

2463.27 

3298.70 

4134.14 



1218.74 

1429.12 

1039 50 

2060 ->0 

°481 02 

.*{*»•>> r »l 

4104 07 



1227.37 

1439.27 

1051 18 

207499 

2498 81 

3346 41 

4194.06 



1236.02 

1449.45 

1062 89 

2089 76 

2510 04 

3370 38 

42 >4 13 



1244.68 

1459.65 

1074.62 

2104.53 

2534.51 

3391 30 

4254.27 



1253.36 

1469.87 

1080 38 

2119 40 

2552 41 

3418 45 

4284.48 



1202.07 

1480 12 

1098.17 

2134 26 

°570 30 

3442 56 

4314.75 



1270.79 

1490.38 

1709.98 

2149 10 

l> 588 35 

3466 73 

4.345.10 

• • • • • • 

*••••» 

1279.53 

1500.67 

1721.81 

2164.10 

2006.38 

3490.95 

4375.51 



1288.28 

1510.98 

1733.67 

2179.00 

2624.45 

3515.22 

4406.00 














































41 


D’pth 

on 


LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 


Weir. 


Ft. 

i Ft 

■4 Ft. 

<► Ft 

7 i t. 

fs* Ft. 

13S> Ft 

S-i Ft. 

l<» Ft 

20 Ft. 

1.080 



1297.00 

1521.31 

1745.50 

2194.00 

2642.55 

3539.55 

443(5.55 

1.08.) 



1305.85 

1531 00 

1757.47 

2209.08 

2!F0.7e 

3563 93 

4407.17 

1.000 


• ••••• 

1314.00 

1512.03 

1709.40 

2224.14 

2678 89 

3588 -37 

4497.85 

1.005 



1828.49 

1552.42 

1781.30 

2239.24 

2097 11 

3612 80 

4528.01 

1.100 


. 

1002.08 

15'2.84 

1793 35 

2254.36 

2715 37 

3037.40 

4559.43 

1.105 



1341.19 

1573.27 

1805.30 

2269.52 

2733.08 

3662.00 

4590 32 

1.110 



1350.07 

1583.73 

1817.39 

2234.70 

2752.(2 

308 5.05 

4021.28 

1.115 



1358.97 

1594.21 

1829.45 

2299.92 

2770.40 

3711.35 

4052.31 

1 . 1-20 



1307 89 

1004.71 

1841.53 

2315.17 

2788.82 

3730 11 

4083.40 

1.125 



1370.82 

1015.23 

1853.04 

2330 40 

2807.28 

3760.42 

4714.50 

1.180 


• • • t • • 

1385.77 

1025 77 

1805.77 

2345.77 

2825 77 

3785.78 

4745.78 

1.185 



1394.73 

1030.33 

1877.92 

2301.12 

2814.3! 

3810.69 

4777.07 

1.110 



1403.72 

1040.91 

1890.10 

2370-49 

2862 88 

3835.00 

48( 8.43 

1.145 



1412.72 

1057.51 

1902.31 

2391.90 

2881.49 

3800.07 

4839.85 

1.150 



1421.73 

1008•■3 

1914.53 

2407.34 

2900.14 

3885.74 

4871.34 

1.155 



143 1.77 

1078.78 

1920.79 

2422.81 

2918.83 

3910.80 

4902.90 

1.100 


• ••••• 

1439.82 

1089.44 

1939.00 

2138.31 

2937.55 

3936.04 

4934.52 

1.105 



1448 89 

1700.12 

1951.36 

2153.84 

2956.31 

3901.20 

4900.21 

1.170 


• ••••• 

1457.97 

1710.83 

1903.08 

2409 40 
2484.99 

2975.11 

3980.54 

4997.90 

1.175 



1407.07 

1721 55 

1970.03 

2993.45 

4011.80 

5029.78 

1.180 


• ••••• 

1470.19 

1732.30 

1988.40 

2500.01 

3012.82 

4037.24 

5061.06 

1. 185 


• ••••» 

1485.33 

1743.00 

2900.80 

2510.27 

3031.73 

4032.0-7 

5093.01 

1 190 


•••••• 

1494.48 

1753.84 

2013.21 

2531.95 

3050 08 

4088.15 

5125.03 

1.105 


• ••••• 

1503.04 

1704.05 

2025.05 

2547.00 

3009.07 

4113.69 

5157.70 

1.200 


• • • • • 

1512.83 

1775.47 

2038.12 

2503.10 

3088 09 

4139.27 

5189.84 

1.205 

1.210 



1531.25 

1780.32 

1797.18 

2050.00 

2‘i03.]l 

2579.18 

2594.98 

3107.75 

3126.85 

4164.90 

4190.59 

5222.05 

5254.32 

1.215 


«••••« 

1510.48 

1808.00 

2075.05 

2010.82 

3145.98 

4210.32 

528(5 (55 

1.220 



1549.73 

1818.97 

2088.20 

2020.08 

3105.15 

4242.10 

5319 05 

1.225 



1559.00 

1829. 89 

2100.78 

2042.5. 

3184.30 

4207.94 

5351.51 

1 .230 


•••••• 

1508.28 

1810 83 

2113.39 

2058.50 

3203.00 

4293.82 

5384- 04 

1.235 



1577.58 

1851.79 

2120.01 

2374.45 

3222.88 

4319.70 

5410.03 

1.240 


• ••••• 

1580.89 

1802.78 

2138.00 

2090.43 

3242.20 

4345.74 

5449.28 

1.245 



1590.22 

1873.78 

2151.33 

2700.41 

3201.55 

4371.77 

5482.00 

1.250 



1005.57 

1884.80 

2104.02 

2722.48 

3280.94 

4397.80 

5514.77 

1.255 


• ••••• 

1014.93 

1895.83 

2170.71 

2738.55 

3300.30 

4423.99 

5547.01 

1.200 


• • • 

1024 31 

1900.89 

2189.48 

2754.05 

3319.82 

4450.17 

5580.51 

1.205 



1033.70 

1917.97 

2202 24 

2770.78 

3339.32 

4470.40 

5013.47 

1.270 


. • a a K ■ 

1043.11 

1929.07 

2215.02 

2786.94 

3358.85 

4502.08 

5040.51 

1.275 


. 

1052.54 

1940.18 

2227.83 

2803.13 

3378.42 

4529.01 

5079.00 

1.280 


a a a a a a 

1001.98 

1951.32 

2210.00 

2819.34 

3398.02 

4555.39 

5712.75 

1.285 



1071-.43 

1902.47 

2253.51 

2835.59 

3117.00 

4581.82 

5745.97 

1.290 


. . , 

1080.90 

1973.04 

2200.38 

2851.80 

3437.34 

4008.29 

5779.25 

1.295 



1090.39 

1984.83 

2279.28 

2808.10 

3157.05 

4034.82 

5812.58 

1.300 



1099.90 

1996.1 5 

2292.20 

2884.49 

3170.79 

4001 . 39 

5845.98 

1.305 


a a a a a a 

1709.41 

2007.27 

2305.13 

•2900.85 

3490.57 

4088.01 

5879.44 

1.310 


a a • • a a 

1718.95 

2018.52 

2318.09 

2917.24 

3510.39 

4714.08 

5912.97 

1.315 



1728.50 

2029.79 

2331.08 

2933.00 

3536.24 

4741.40 

5946.55 

1.320 



1738.00 

2041.07 

2344.08 

2950 10 

3556.12 

4708.10 

5980.20 

1.325 



1747.04 

2052.38 

2357.11 

2900.57 

3576.04 

4794.97 

6013.90 

1.330 



1757.24 

2003.70 

2370.10 

2983.07 

3595.99 

4821.83 

6047.07 

1.335 



1700.85 

2075.04 

2383.23 

2999.01 

3015.98 

4848.71 

0081.50 

1.340 



1770.47 

2980.40 

2390.32 

3010.17 

3030.01 

4875.70 

6115.38 

1.345 



1780.11 

2097.77 

2409.43 

3032.75 

3650.00 

4902.70 

6149.33 

1.350 



1795.77 

2109.17 

2422.57 

3049.30 

3076.16 

4929.75 

6183.34 

1.355 



1805.44 

2120.58 

2435.72 

3000.00 

3090.28 

4950.85 

6217.41 

1.300 



1815.13 

2132.01 

2448.90 

3082.67 

3710.45 

4983.99 

6251.54 

1.305 



1824.83 

2143.40 

2402.10 

3099.37 

3730.04 

5011.19 

6285.73 

1.370 



1834.54 

2154.93 

2475.32 

3116.10 

3756.87 

5038.42 

6319.98 

1.375 


• ••••• 

1844.27 

2106.42 

2488.50 

3132.85 

3777.13 

5005.71 

6354.28 











































42 


Oil 

Weir 

LENGTH OF THE WEIR. 

Ft. 

:i Ft 

4- Ft. 

<> Ft- 

6 Ft. 

* Ft. 

as* Ft. 

12 Ft. 

1 <> Ft. 

30 Ft. 

1.38D 



1854.02 

2177.92 

2501 82 

3149.63 

3797.43 

5093.04 

6388.65 

1.385 



1803.78 

2189.44 

2515.11 

3166.43 

3817.70 

5120.42 

6423.08 

1.390 



1873.55 

2200.98 

2528.41 

3183.27 

.13 

5147.84 

045 1 .50 

1.395 



1883 34 

2212.54 

2541.74 

3200.13 

3858.53 

5175.32 

0492.11 

1.4) 0 



1803.14 

2221.11 

2555.08 

3217.02 

3878.90 

52i,2.83 

0020.71 

1.405 



1902.90 

2235.71 

2568.45 

3233.94 

3809.42 

5230.40 

OoUi 37 

J .410 



1912.70 

2247.32 

2581.84 

3250.88 

3919.92 

5258.01 

0590.10 

1.415 



1922.04 

2258.94 

2595.25 

3207.8. 

3940.40 

5285.67 

0030.87 

1 420 



1932.50 

2270.59 

2008.68 

3284.85 

3901.(2 

5313.37 

0000 . i1 

1.425 



1912.38 

2282.25 

2622.13 

3301.87 

3981.02 

5341.12 

0700 01 

1.430 



1952.27 

2293.93 

2635.00 

3318.93 

4002.25 

5368.9. 

0735.57 

1.435 



1902.17 

2305.03 

2049.09 

3330.) a 

4022.92 

5390.75 

0770.58 

1.440 



1972.09 

2317.35 

2002.60 

3353.11 

4043.02 

5124.04 

0805.05 

1.445 



1982.02 

2329.08 

2076.]3 

3370 24 

4004.35 

5452.57 

0840.79 

1.450 



1991.97 

2340.83 

2689.69 

3387.40 

4085.12 

5480.54 

0875.97 

1.455 



2001.93 

2352.0) 

2703.26 

3404.59 

4105.91 

5508■50 

0911.21 

1.400 



2011.91 

2304.38 

2710.85 

3421 80 

4120.74 

5530.63 

0946.52 

1.405 



2021.90 

2370.18 

2730.47 

3439.04 

4147.01 

5564.74 

0981 88 

1.470 



2031.90 

2388.00 

2744.10 

3456.30 

4106.50 

5592.90 

7017.30 

1.475 



2011.92 

2399.84 

2757.70 

3173.59 

4189.43 

5021.10 

7052.77 

1.480 



2051.95 

2411.69 

2771.43 

3490.91 

4210.39 

5049.35 

7088-30 

1.485 



2002.00 

2423.56 

2785.13 

3508.26 

4231 38 

5677.04 

7123.90 

1.400 



2072.00 

2435.45 

2798.84 

3525.63 

4252.41 

5705.97 

7159-54 

1.405 



2082.13 

2447.35 

2812.58 

3543.C2 

4273.47 

5734.35 

7135.24 

1.500 



•2092.22 

2459.28 

2820.33 

3500. 44 

4294.50 

5702.78 

7231-00 

1.505 



.. 

2471.21 

2840.11 

3577.89 

4315.08 

5791.25 

7200.82 

1.510 



• ••••. 

2483.17 

2853.90 

3595.30 

4330.83 

6819.76 

7302.09 

1.515 



• ••••• 

2495.14 

2807.71 

3012.80 

4358.02 

5848.32 

7338 02 

1.520 



• t • • • • 

2507.13 

2881.55 

3630.39 

4379.23 

5870.92 

7374.01 

1.525 



• ••••• 

2519.13 

2895.40 

3647.94 

4400.48 

5905.50 

7410.05 

1.530 



• ••••• 

2531.15 

2909.28 

3065.52 

4421.76 

5934.25 

7440.74 

1.535 



• ••••- 

2543.19 

2923.17 

3083.12 

4443-08 

5902.99 

7482.90 

1.540 



• • • • . . 

2555.24 

2937.08 

3700.75 

4404.42 

6991.77 

7519.11 

1.545 



• • • • • 

2567.32 

2951.01 

3718.41 

4485 80 

6020.59 

7555.37 

1.550 




2579.40 

2904.90 

3733.09 

4507.21 

6049.45 

7591.09 

1.555 



• • • • • . 

2591.51 

2978.93 

3753.79 

4528.05 

6078.36 

7028.07 

1.500 



• •••■. 

2603.63 

2992 92 

3771.52 

4550.12 

6107.31 

7664.50 

1.505 



...... 

2615.76 

3000.93 

3789.28 

4571.02 

0130.30 

7700.99 

1.570 



...... 

2027.92 

3020.90 

3807.00 

4593.15 

0105.34 

7737.53 

1.575 



.... 

2040.08 

3035.01 

3824.80 

4014.72 

0194.42 

7774.13 

1.580 



. 

2052.27 

3049.08 

3812.09 

4030.31 

0223.55 

7810.78 

1.585 



...... 

2004.47 

3003.10 

3800.55 

405 .94 

0252.71 

7847.49 

1.590 



...... 

2070.09 

3077.27 

3878 43 

4079.60 

0281.92 

7884.25 

1.505 




2688.92 

3091.39 

3890.34 

4701.28 

0311.18 

7921.07 

1.000 



.... 

2701 17 

3105.51 

3914.27 

4723.00 

0340.47 

7957.94 

,1.605 



...... 

2713.43 

3119.70 

3932.23 

4744.75 

0309.81 

7994.86 

1.010 



...... 

2725 72 

3133.88 

3950.21 

4700.54 

6339.19 

8031.84 

1 615 



...... 

2738.01 

3148.08 

3908.21 

478S.34 

6428.61 

8008.88 

1.020 



...... 

2750.33 

3162.80 

3986.24 

4810.19 

6458.08 

8105.97 

1.025 



.... 

2762.00 

3176.54 

4004.30 

4832.00 

0487.58 

8143.11 

1.630 



...... 

2775.00 

3190.79 

4022.38 

4853.97 

0517.13 

8180.31 

1.035 



...... 

2787.30 

3205.07 

4040.48 

4875.90 

6546.73 

8217.56 

1.040 


. 

...... 

2799.74 

3219.36 

4058.61 

4897.80 

6576.36 

8254.86 

1.045 



...... 

2S12.13 

3233.67 

4070.70 

4919.80 

6006.04 

8292.22 

1.050 




2821.54 

3248.01 

4094.94 

4941.88 

0035.75 

8329.63 

1.655 



...... 

2830.96 

3262.35 

4113.15 

4903.94 

0005.51 

8307.10 

1.000 



«««••• 

2849.10 

3276.72 

4131.37 

4986.02 

0095.32 

8404.02 

1.065 



• ••••«> 

2801.85 

3291.11 

4149.02 

5008.13 

0725.10 

8442.19 

1.070 



• •••«. 

2874.32 

3305.51 

4107.90 

5030.28 

6755.04 

8479.81 

,1.675 




2886.81 

3319.94 

4180.20 

5052.45 

6784.97 

8517.49 

















































43 


D’pth 

on 

Wicr 

LENGTH OF THE W1ELI. 

Ft. 

3 Ft. 

3 Ft. 

ii Ft- 

7 Ft. 

« Ft. 

DO Ft. 

It* Ft. 

16 Ft 

•»4> Ft. 

1.680 

• • • • • 



2899.31 

3334.38 

4204.52 

5074.66 

6814.04 

8555.22 

1.685 




2911.82 

3348.84 

4222.87 

5096.89 

6844.95 

8593.01 

1.600 




2924.36 

3563.32 

4241.24 

5119.16 

6875.00 

8630.84 

1.695 

.T 



2936.90 

3377.81 

4259.63 

5141.45 

6905.09 

8668.73 

1.700 




2949.46 

3392.33 

4278 05 

5163.78 

6935.22 

8706.67 

1.705 




2962.04 

3406.86 

4296.50 

5186.13 

6965.40 

8744.67 

1 710 




2974.63 

3421.41 

4314.96 

5208.51 

6995.61 

8782.72. 

1.715 




2987.24 

3435.98 

4333.45 

5230.94 

7025.87 

8820 82 

1.720 




2999 86 

3450.56 

4351.96 

5253.36 

7056.17 

8858.97 

1.725 




3012.50 

3465.17 

4 70.50 

5275.84 

7086.51 

8897-17 

1.730 




3025.15 

3479.79 

4389.06 

5298.34 

7116 88 

8965.43 

1 • i 3o 




3037.82 

3494.43 

4407.65 

5320.87 

7147.30 

8973.74 

1.740 


. 

• . • • • 

3050.50 

3509.09 

4425.25 

5343.43 

7177.76 

9012.10 

1.745 




3063.20 

3523-76 

4444.89 

5366.01 

7208.26 

9050.51 

1.750 




3075.91 

3538.46 

4453.55 

5388.63 

7238.80 

9088.98 

1.755 




3088.64 

3553.17 

4482.22 

5411.28 

7269.38 

9127.50 

1.760 




3101.38 

3567.90 

4500.92 

5433.95 

7300.01 

9166.06 

1.765 




3114.14 

3582.64 

4519.65 

5456.66 

7330.67 

9204.68 

1.770 




3126.91 

359741 

4538 40 

5479.39 

7361.37 

9243-35 

1775 




3139.70 

3612.19 

4557.17 

5502.15 

7392.11 

9282.07 

1.780 




3152.50 

3626.99 

4575.97 

5524.94 

7422.90 

9320.85 

1.785 




3165.32 

3541.80 

4594.78 

5547.76 

7453.71 

9359.67 

1.700 




3178.15 

3656.64 

4613.62 

5570.61 

7484.58 

9398.55. 

1.795 




3190.99 

3571.45 

4632.41 

5593.48 

7515.48 

9437.47 

1.800 




3203.85 

3585.36 

4651.37 

5616.39 

7546.42 

9476.45 

1.805 




3216.73 

3701.24 

4670.28 

5639.32 

7577.40 

9515.48 

1.810 




3229.61 

3716.15 

4689.22 

5662.29 

7608.42 

9554-56 

1.815 




3242.52 

3731.07 

47(8.17 

5685.27 

7639.48 

9593.69 

1.820 




3255.43 

3746.01 

4727.15 

5708.29 

7670.58 

9632.87 

1.825 




3268.37 

3760.96 

4746.15 

5731.34 

7701.72 

9672.10 

1.830 




3281.31 

3775.93 

4765.17 

5754.42 

7732.90 

9711.38 

1.835 




3294.27 

3790.92 

4784.22 

5777.52 

7764.11 

9750.71 

1.840 




3307.25 

3805.93 

4803.29 

5800.65 

7795.37 

9790.09 

1.845 




3320.24 

3820.95 

4822.38 

5823.81 

7826.67 

9829.53 

1.850 




3333.24 

3835.99 

4841.49 

5840.99 

7858.00 

9869.00 

1.855 




3346.26 

3851 05 

48-0.03 

5870.21 

7889.87 

9908.54 

1.860 




3359.29 

>3866.12 

4879 79 

5893.45 

7920.78 

9948.12 

1.865 




3372.34 

3881.21 

4898.97 

5916.73 

7952.24 

9987.75 

1.870 




3385.39 

3896.32 

4918.17 

5940.02 

7983.73 

10027.43 

1.875 




3398.47 

3911.44 

4937.40 

5963.35 

8015.26 

10067.16 

1.880 




3411.55 

3926.59 

4955.64 

5986.70 

8046.82 

10106.94 

1.885 




3424 66 

3941.75 

4975.91 

0010.09 

8078.43 

10146.77 

1.890 




3437.77 

3956.92 

4595.21 

6033.50 

8110.07 

10186 65 

1.805 




3450.90 

3972.11 

5014.52 

6056.93 

8141.76 

10226.58 

1.900 




3404.05 

3987.32 

5)33.80 

6C80.40 

8173.48 

10266.56 

1.905 




3477.21 

4002.54 

5053 22 

6103.89 

8205.24 

10306.59 

1.910 




3490.38 

4017.78 

5072.60 

6127.41 

8237.04 

10346.66 

1.915 




3593.55 

4033.04 

5092 00 

6150.96 

8268.87 

10380 79 

1.920 




3516.76 

4048.31 

5111.42 

6174.53 

8300.75 

10420.96 

1.925 




3529.97 

4053.60 

5130.87 

6198 13 

8332.66 

10467.18 

1.930 




3543.20 

4078.91 

5150.34 

6221.76 

8364.61 

10507.46 

1.935 




3556.44 

4094.23 

5169.83 

6245.42 

8396.60 

10547.78 

1.940 




3569.69 

4109.57 

5189.34 

6269.10 

8428.62 

10588.15 

1.945 




3582.96 

4124.93 

5208.87 

0202.81 

8460.69 

10628.56 

1.950 




3596.24 

4140.30 

5228.42 

6316.54 

8492.79 

10669.03 

1.955 




3609.54 

4155 69 

5248.00 

6340.31 

8524.93 

10709.55 

1.960 




3622.84 

4171.09 

5267.60 

6364.10 

8557.11 

10750.11 

1.935 




3630.17 

4186.52 

5287.22 

6387.02 

8580 32 

10790.72 

1.970 




3649.50 

4201.95 

5306.85 

6411.76 

8621.57 

10831.38 

1.975 




3662.85 

4217.40 

5320.52 

6435.63 

8653.86 

10872.10 
















































44 


D’pth 

on 

Wier. 


LENGTH OF THE WIER. 


Ft. 

3 i t j 4 F.. 

G Ft. 

« Ft. 

M Ft. 

a<55 Ft. 12 Ft. BO Ft 

20 Ft. 

1.5-80 
1.185 
l.OCO 
1.995 
2. COO 

. 

. 

. 

0070.21 

0089.58 

0702.97 

8710.37 

5729.79 

4232.88 
4248.30 
4203.80 
4279.OS 
425)4.91 

5840.20 
5305.91 
5885.08 
5105.38 
5425 15 

0459.58 
0483.45 
0507.41 
0531 38 
0555 35 

8085.19 
8718.55 
8750 5.5 
8783.39 
88 5.87 

10912.85 
10953.05 
10994.50 
11035.40 
11070 35 



Sixteenths. 

Jo J® J® |® Jo J® Jo Jo Jo Jo cfo Ho ot® ccfo Ho cfo 

H 1'*’ ' H ~i M ‘lr< H M M 'H H rt H^ H 1-1 H rt 

] 

i ^ 

C 

§ 

e 

| * 

1 ^ 

; | 

i s 

1 ^ 

i q 

0 

•*-» 

w 

'w 

CS 

£ 

! ^ 

•K- 

£ 

1 8 

•fl* 

i * 

! 1 

1 ^ 

H 

V 

s 

11 

!— 01 1— CM I— CO CO CO COHOH Cl -t O O 

rH CM CM CO CO H H ‘O lO O O I— LMQO 

0** CT- w w O w •- * w •* w * C»^ -v •< O w ■* CT^ 

10 

CO O H O HOJiOO uo O O 1-H CO r-H CO H 

COCO^'-H O-OON L CO CO O Cl O O rH 

GO GO GO GO CO GO GO GO 00 CO O0 QO GO O O. Q 

Ci 

O O O CO H O H CO CM P- CM CM GO CO QO 

-0-0 0 0 t— I- CO CO OC5GO H H Cl Cl 

1- l- L- I- i- l’ I- t— t— GO QO GO GO GO QO 

GO 

I~ 04 1 - O'! 1- CO CO CO COHOH Cl -H O O 

CO L L GO GO Cl Cl O O H H CM CM CO ^8 ^ 

CO CO O O COOCON L- t— 1- I'- I' I - I — I'- 

-N 

CO Cl n+t Cl H O O O lOO-Oi—l O rH O i—I 

GO GO Cl Cl O O rH CM C4 CO CO H H-OOCO 

-O O- -O -O CO O CO CO COCOCOCO COCOCOCO 


O to O O HCHO CM I- Ol I— OM GO CO GO 

O O T-H 1—( CM CM CO CO h 8 '-H O O COOhN 

iO iO »C5 O 0-0-0 0 tO -O -O O -O tO -O tO 


1"* CM I'- CM L CO CO CO QO'HCl'H Cl 'H 1 O -O 

H CM CM CO CO -t H O OOCOL I- QO Cl Cl 

"H -1 '■'t 1 ■'H ^ - r± l H -1 "H -1 


CO Cl ^ Cl HOOO OOOH COHCOH 

COCO'H'^ OOCN t"- GO GO Cl Cl O O rH 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO -too 


O UO O CO HCHO CM I s * Cl l— CM QO CO CO 

OOCO l'— L- GO GO Cl Cl O O r-1 —< CM CM 

CM 04 CM Cl Cl 0M Cl O'! CM CM CO OO CO CO CO CO 


I— Cl I- Cl I- CO GO CO GO Cl r-+4 0^0 -O 

CO L L CO GO Cl Cl O C rH H Cl Cl CO H H 

r-H 1 -^ T-H r-H H H HCI Cl Cl Cl Cl CM O'! CM CM 


CO Cl -8 Cl HC3-CO OOlOl—- CCr-tOri 

GO CO Cl Cl O O r-1 0M Cl CO CO H H O O O 

O CC> O O’ T - H r—1 i—( t—4 t-H l-H1 rH rH rH rH rH rH 

C 

I 

0-000 rH o rH O Cl I- Cl I— CM GO CO GO 

O O H I—I 0M 01 CO CO H8‘ -r -O -O O O 1 - L'- 

O O O O O 1 o o o o o o o o o o o 

Sixteenths. 

c l® J® J® Jo J® J® J® Jo tt f® J® Cl® H® oil® ~|® H® -Of® 

jr-, ,r— ^ ir— ’ '(rH -rH *[|—1 -rH jrH |rH *(f—< r-^r-i rH,rH »—(,h-i r-^r- i f— hJp— t r—{•-1 


































































































WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF PUKE WATER AT 
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. 


The following table, prepared by J. B. Francis, shows the 
weight of a cubic foot of pure water for each degree of temperature 
of Fahrenheit’s thermometer from 32 to 80 degrees inclusive. 


Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

32 

62.375 

59 

62.336 

33 

62.377 

60 

62.331 

34 

62.378 

61 

62.326 

35 

62.379 

62 

62.321 

3G 

62.380 

63 

62.316 

37 

62.381 

64 

62.310 

38 

62.381 

65 

62.304 . 

on 

62.382 

66 

62.298 

39.38 

62.382 

67 

OQO 

40 

62.382 

68 

62.285 

41 

62.381 

69 

62.278 

42 

62.381 

70 

62.272 

43 

62.380 

71 

62.264 

44 

62.379 

72 

62.257 

45 

62.378 

73 

62.249 

46 

62.376 

74 

62.242 

47 

62.375 

75 

62.234 

48 

62.373 

76 

62.225 

49 

62.371 

p— r* 

i < 

62.217 

50 

62.368 

78 

62.208 

51 

62.365 

79 

6:2.199 

52 

62.363 

80 

62.190 

53 

62.359 

81 

62.181 

54 

62.356 

82 

62.172. 

55 

62.352 

83 

62.162 

56 

62.349 

84 

62.152 

57 

62.345 

85 

62.142 

58 

62.340 

86 

62.132 



















4G 


Head in Feet. 

Velocity clue Head. 

Cubic Feet per Second 
to one H. P. 

Section of Stream 
in Square Feet to 1 H. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P 

Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

r* 

o 

£ „• 
it. <-* 

% ° 
c 
.o 

6 

Section of Stream 

in Square Feet to 1 H. F. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P. 

1 

8.02 

8.818-. 

1.095-5 158.328 < 

61 

6 7.27 

. 1 729 

.003019 

. 4i47 

2 

11.34 

4.4093 

.3888 

55.9872 

52 

57.84 

.1695 

.002930 

.4219 

o 

18.89 

2.9395 

.211(5 

30.4704 

53 

58.39 

. 1663 

.092818 

.4101 

4 

1(5.04 

2.2040 

.1374 

19.785(5 

51 

58.93 

. 1633 

.002771 

. 3990 

5 

17.92 

1.7(537 

.0984 

14.19(5 

55 

59.48 

.1603 

.002695 

• 3880 

0 

19.(55 

1.4097 

.0717 

10 7588 

5(5 

(50 01 

.1574 

.002622 

. 3775 

7 

21.22 

1.2598 

.0593 

8.5392 

57 

(50.56 

.1547 

.002554 

.3677 

8 

22.(58 

1.1023 

.0480 

(5.9884 

58 

61.08 

.1520 

.002488 

.3582 

9 

21.08 

.9798 

.0107 

5.8908 

59 

61.61 

.1494 

.002424 

.3490 

10 

25.3(5 

.8818 

.0317 

4.99(58 

(50 

(52.12 

.1469 

.002364 

.3404 

11 

2(5 00 

.8010 

.0301 

4.3344 

61 

62.71 

.1445 

.002304 

.3317 

12 

27 78 

.7348 

.02(54 

3.8016 

62 

63.15 

. 1422 

.002251 

.3211 

18 

28.92 

.0783 

.0234 

3.3693 

(53 

63.66 

.1399 

.002197 

.3163 

14 

30.01 

.0299 

.0209 

3 0096 

(54 

(54.16 

.1377 

.002146 

.3090 

15 

31.0(5 

.5879 

.0189 

2.7216 

65 

64.(56 

.1356 

.002097 

.3019 

1(5 

* 32.08 

.5511 

.0171 

2.4(521 

6(5 

65. 16 

.133(5 

.002050 

.2952 

17 

33.07 

.5187 

.0156 

2.2464 

(57 

65.(55 

. 1316 

.002004 

.2885 

18 

34.03 

.4899 

.0143 

2.0592 

68 

66.14 

.1296 

.001959 

.2820 

10 

34.98 

.4041 

.0132 

1.9008 

69 

(5(5.62 

. 1278 

.001918 

2761 

20 

35.87 

.4409 

.0122 

1.7588 

70 

(57.11 

. 1259 

.001876 

. 2701 

21 

35.75 

.4199 

.0114 

1.6416 

71 

67.58 

.1242 

.001837 

.2645 

22 

37.(51 

.4008 

.0100 

1.5264 

72 

68.06 

.1224 

.001798 

.2589 

2.5 

38.40 

.3834 

.0099 

1.4256 

73 

(58.53 

.1208 

.001762 

.2537 

21 

39.29 

.3(574 

0093 

1.33.2 

74 

69.00 

.1191 

.001726 

.2485 

25 

40.10 

.3527 

.0087 

1.2528 

75 

69.4(5 

.1175 

.001691 

.2435 

2(5 

40.89 

.3391 

.0082 

I.I8u8 

7(5 

69.92 

.1160 

.001(559 

.2388 

27 

41.(57 

.3200 

.0078 

1.1232 

77 

70.38 

. 1145 

.001626 

.2341 

28 

42 44 

.3149 

.0074 

1.0656 

78 

70.84 

.1130 

.001595 

.2293 

29 

43.19 

.3040 

.0070 

1.0080 

79 

71.29 

.1116 

.001565 

.2253 

80 

43.93 

.2939 

.008(5 

.9504 

80 

71.74 

.1102 

.001536 

.2211 

31 

44.(55 

.2814 

.0003(5 

.9158 

81 

72.19 

. 1088 

.001507 

.2170 

32 

45.37 

.2755 

.00307 

.8740 

82 

72.(53 

. 1075 

.001480 

.2131 

38 

40-07 

.2072 

.00579 

QO ■>“* 

. Oe> >t 

83 

7.3.07 

. 10(52 

.001453 

.2092 

34 

4(5.77 

.2593 

.00554 

.7977 

84 

73.51 

.1049 

.001425 

.2052 

35 

47.45 

.2519 

.00530 

. 7(532 

85 

73.95 

. 1037 

.001402 

.2918 

3l> 

48.12 

.2449 

.00599 

.7329 

83 

74.38 

.1025 

.001379 

• 10S"» 

37 

48.78 

.2383 

.00488 

.7027 

87 

74.81 

.1013 

.001351 

.1949 

88 

49.41 

.2320 

.00169 

.(5753 

88 

75.21 

.1002 

.001331 

.1913 

39 

50.09 

.2281 

.00451 

.6184 

89 

75 (57 

.0990 

.001308 

.1883 

40 

50.72 

.2204 

.00134 

.6249 

90 

76.09 

.0979 

.001286 

.1851 

41 

51-35 

.2150 

•0041S 

.6 19 

91 

76.51 

.09(59 

.0012 5(5 

.1823 

42 

51.98 

.2039 

.00403 

.5803 

<2 

76.93 

.0958 

.001245 

.1792 

40 

62.59 

.2050 

.00389 

.5 5 1 ! 

93 

77.35 

.0918 

.001225 

.1764 

44 

53.21 

.2001 

.0037(5 

.5111 

94 

77.76 

. 0938 

.00120(5 

.1736 

45 

53.80 

.1959 

.003(54 

.5241 

55 

78.18 

.0928 

.001J88 

.1710 

4(> 

51.40 

.1917 

00352 

.5088 

9(5 

78.59 

.0918 

.001168 

.1681 

47 

54.99 

.1870 

.00341 

. 4)10 

97 

79.00 

.0909 

.001150 

.1(55(5 

48 

55.57 

.1837 

.00330 

.4752 

98 

79.40 

.0899 

.001132 

.1630 

49 

50.14 

.1799 

.00320 

.4(508 

99 

79.81 

.0890 

.001115 

.1(505 

50 1 

50.71 

.17031 

.00310 

.4475 

100 

80.22 

.0881 

.001098 

.1581 












































47 


s 

cr 

o 

HH 

Velocity due Head. 

Cubic Feet per Second 
to one II. 1\ 

Section of Stream 
in Squaie Feet to 1 II. P. 

Section of Stream in 
Square Inches to 1 H. P. 


Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

1 1! 

1 

Cubic Feet per Second 1 

to one H. P. 

li 

il 

Section of Stream 

in Square Feet to 1 II. P. j 

i 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P. 

1 

Jul 

bo.ol 

. 0b7i> 

.001082 

. 1 558 


151 

98.50 

.0584 

.0005925 

9 8532 

h2 

81.01 

.08 4 

.001066 

. 1535 


152 

98.89 

.0580 

.0005865 

.08445 

103 

81.40 

.0856 

.001051 

.1513 


153 

99.21 

.0576 

.0005805 

.68359 

J 04 

81.80 

.0847 

.OOK 35 

. 14! 0 


154 

5 9.54 

.0572 

.0005746 

•0S274 

107) 

82.1!) 

.0839 

.001C20 

.1468 


155 

99.86 

.0598 

.0005687 

.6818!) 

JOG 

82.58 

.0831 

.001006 

.1448 


156 

100.18 

.0565 

.0005640 

.08121 

1<;7 

82.97 

.0824 

.000993 

.1429 


157 

100.50 

.0561 

.0005582 

.68038 

108 

83.35 

.0816 

.00097!) 

.1409 


158 

100.82 

.0558 

.0005534 

.07968 

10!) 

83.74 

.080!) 

.600966 

.1391 


159 

101.14 

.0554 

.0005477 

.07886 

no 

84.12 

.080] 

.006952 

.1370 


160 

101.46 

.0551 

.0005130 

.0781!) 

111 

84.50 

.0794 

.000939 

. 1352 


161 

101 77 

.0547 

.0005374 

.07786 

112 

84.88 

.0787 

.600927 

.1334 


162 

102.09 

.0544 

.0005328 

.07672 

113 

85 23 

.0780 

.000! 14 

.1316 


163 

102.40 

.0541 

.0005283 

.0'o07 

114 

85.64 

.0773 

.000902 

.1298 


164 

102.72 

.0537 

.0005227 

.07526 

115 

86.01 

.0766 

.000890 

.1281 


165 

103.03 

.0534 

.0005182 

.07462 

113 

86.39 

.0760 

.006879 

.1265 


166 

103.34 

.0531 

.0005138 

.07398 

117 

83.70 

.0753 

.006867 

.1248 


167 

163.65 

.0528 

.0005094 

.07335 

118 

87.13 

.0747 

.0008.37 

.1234 


168 

103.98 

.0521 

.0065040 

.07257 

11!) 

87.50 

.0741 

.000848 

.1221 


169 

104.27 

.0521 

.0004996 

.07194 

120 

87.86 

.0734 

.006835 

. 1202 


170 

104.58 

.0518 

.0004953 

.07132 

121 

88 23 

.0728 

.000825 

.1188 


171 

104.89 

.0515 

.0004911 

.07071 

122 

88.59 

.0722 

.000814 

.1172 


172 

105.19 

.0512 

.0004867 

.07008 

123 

88.! 5 

.0710 

.006804 

.1157 


173 

105.50 

.050!) 

.0064824 

.06946 

124 

80.31 

.0711 

•000796 

1146 


174 

105 80 

.0506 

.0004782 

.06886 

125 

89.67 

.0705 

•000786 

.1131 


175 

106.11 

.0503 

.0004740 

.06825 

126 

90.03 

.0699 

.000776 

.1117 


176 

103.41 

.0501 

.0004708 

.06779 

127 

93.39 

.0694 

.000767 

.1104 


177 

106.71 

. 0498 

.0694666 

.06719 

128 

90.74 

.0688 

.000758 

.1091 


178 

107.01 

.0495 

.0004625 

.06660 

120 

91.10 

.0383 

.000749 

.1078 


17!) 

107.31 

.0492 

.0004581 

.06600 

130 

91.45 

.0678 

•0007413 

.10674 


180 

107.01 

.0489 

.0004544 

.06543 

131 

91.80 

.0673 

•0007331 

.10555 


181 

107.91 

.0487 

.0004513 

.06498 

132 

92.15 

.0668 

•0607249 

.10438 


lb-2 

108.21 

.0484 

.0004472 

.06439 

133 

92.50 

.0663 

•6007167 

•10320 


183 

108.50 

.0481 

.0004433 

.06383 

134 

92.85 

.0658 

.0607686 

.102(3 


184 

108.80 

.0479 

.0004102 

.00338 

135 

93.19 

.0653 

•0007007 

.10690 


185 

109.10 

.0476 

.0004362 

.06281 

136 

93.54 

.0648 

•0006920 

.09973 


180 

109.39 

• 0474 

.0004382 

.06238 

137 

93.88 

.0643 

.0006849 

.09862 


187 

109.68 

.0471 

.0004294 

.06183 

138 

94.22 

.0639 

.000.6780 

.09763 


188 

109 98 

.0469 

.0004264 

.6614') 

139 

94 56 

.0634 

.0606704 

.09653 


189 

110.27 

.0466 

.0004225 

.00084 

140 

94.90 

.062!) 

.6006626 

.09511 


190 

110.56 

•0464 

.0004196 

. 06042 

141 

95.24 

.0625 

.0006562 

.09449 


191 

110 85 

.0461 

.0004158 

.05987 

142 

15.58 

.0 21 

.0006497 

.09356 


192 

111.14 

.0459 

.0001129 

.05945 

143 

95.91 

.0616 

.6006422 

.09247 


193 

111 43 

.0450 

.0004092 

.05892 

144 

96.25 

.0612 

.0006358 

.09155 


1*34 

111.72 

.0451 

.0004603 

.05850 

145 

96.58 

.0608 

.0006295 

.69064 


195 

112.01 

.0152 

.0001085 

.05810 

146 

96.92 

•0601 

.060623.1 

.68972 


196 

112.29 

.0449 

.00039! 8 

.05757 

147 

97 25 

.0599 

.0606159 

.08838 


197 

112.58 

.6417 

.0003970 

.05716 

148 

97.58 

.0595 

.00060!, 7 

.0877!) 


1!8 

112.86 

0445 

0003942 

.05376 

14!) 

97.91 

.0591 

.ooo: 03!i 

.08.691 


!!!) 

113.15 

.0443 

.0003915 

.05037 

150 

98.23 

.0587 

.0005975 

.68604 


200 

113.43 

.0440 

.0003879 

.05585 


































48 


Head in Feet. 

1 

Velocity due Head. 

G 

C 

O . 

pb C 
.C ~ 

5 

Section of Stream 
in Square Feet to 1 II. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P. 

Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

W 

(J. < 

% ^ 

4— 

c r 
a. ° 
ft. o 

w 

5 

Section of St>eam 

in Square Feet to 1 II. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 II. P. 

201 

J19. 72 

.0498 

.000385!5 

. t;55101 

1 251 

127.08 

.03513 

.00027644 

.039807 

202 

114.00 

.0486 

.00038245 

. (.55072 

! 252 

127 33 

.03499 

.001 27478 

.039568 

203 

114.28 

.0494 

.00037970 

.054085 

1 253 

127.58 

.03185 

.00027316 

.039335 

201 

114.50 

.0492 

.000377O9 

.0543 0 

254 

127.83 

.03471 

.00027153 

.0 0100 

205 

114.84 

.0490 

.00037413 

.053917 

255 

1 28.08 

.03458 

.00026998 

.038877 

20(5 

115.12 

.0428 

.00037178 

.05353(1 1 

250 

128.33 

.03144 

.00026837 

.038645 

207 

115.40 

. 0420 

.00033915 

.053157 

257 

128.58 

.0.3431 

.00020083 

.038423 

208 

115.08 

.0429 

.00030596 

.052355 

258 

123.83 

.03118 

.00020531 

.038204 

209 

115 u; 

.0121 

.00030305 

.052279 

1 259 

129.08 

.03404 

. 00020*371 

.037974 

210 

110.29 

.0419 

.00030049 

.051* D | 

! 200 

129.33 

.03391 

.00020219 

.037755 

211 

110.51 

.0417 

.0003'>790 

.051537 

j 201 

129.58 

.03378 

.00020001 

.037527 

212 

110.79 

.0415 

.00035533 

.051107 

202 

129.83 

.033(5 

.00025918 

.037321 

219 

117.00 

.0419 

.00035281 

.050804 

203 

130.08 

.03353 

.00025776 

.037117 

214 

117.94 

.0112 

.00 35111 

.050559 

201 

130.32 

.03310 

.0002562! 

.036905 

215 

117.01 

.0410 

.00034852 

.05018(5 

1 

130.57 

.03327 

.00025480 

.036691 

21(5 

117.88 

.0408 

.00034011 

.049839 

1 200 

130.82 

.03315 

.00025340 

.039489 

217 

118 15 

.0400 

.00034303 

.049482 

! 207 

13].00 

.03302 

.00025194 

.036279 

218 

118.49 

.0404 

.00034112 

.049121 

: 298 

131.31 

.03290 

.00025055 

.036079 

219 

118.70 

.0402 

.0 033880 

.018707 

1 239 

131.55 

.03278 

.00024918 

.035881 

220 

118.97 

.0400 

.000 3021 

.048414 

1 270 

131 80 

.03266 

.00024779 

.035681 

221 

119.24 

.0999 

.00033401 

.048183 

271 

132.04 

.03 54 

.00024044 

.035487 

222 

119.51 

.0997 

.00033218 

.047833 1 

272 

132.28 

.03242 

.00021508 

.035291 

229 

119.78 

.03! 5 

.00032977 

.047480 

273 

132.53 

.03230 

00024371 

.035094 

224 

120.05 

.' 993 

.00032730 

.047139 

274 

132.77 

.03218 

.00021231 

.034901 

225 

120.91 

.039! 

.00032499 

.040798 

275 

133.01 

.03206 

.000-24103 

.0347C8 

22 i 

120.58 

.0390 

.00032343 

.010573 

[ 270 

133.25 

.03195 

.00023977 

.0315-25 

227 

120.85 

.0388 

.00032105 

.010231 

277 

133.49 

.03183 

.00023822 

.034303 

228 

121.11 

.0380 

.00031871 

.045894 

1 278 

133.74 

.03172 

.00023717 

.034152 

22.) 

121.98 

.0385 

.00031710 

.045002 

| 279 

133.98 

03100 

.00023585 

.033962 

290 

121.04 

.0383 

.00031480 

.045339 

j 280 

134.22 

.03149 

.00023461 

.033783 

291 

121.91 

.0381 

.01,031252 

045002 

281 

134.40 

.03138 

.00023337 

.033605 

mm's — 

112.17 

.0380 

.00031104 

.044789 

1 o§ *2 

131.(9 

.03127 

.00023223 

.033441 

•299 

122.49 

. 0378 

.00030874 

.041458 

283 

134.93 

.03116 

.00023093 

.033253 

291 

122.70 

.0370 

.00030043 

.041125 

284 

135.17 

.03105 

.00022971 

.033078 

295 

122.90 

• ().*_> / 5 

.00030497 

.04.915 

28) 

135.41 

.03094 

.00022849 

.032902 

290 

12.9.22 

.0373 

.00030271 

.043590 

289 

135.05 

.03083 

.00022727 

.032720 

297 

129.43 

.0372 

.00030120 

.043381 

287 

135.88 

.03072 

.00022608 

.032555 

298 

129.74 

.0370 

.00029901 

.043057 

288 

130.12 

.03002 

.00022494 

.032391 

299 

124.00 

.0308 

.00029077 

.042734 

289 

136.30 

.03051 

.00022374 

.032218 

240 

124.20 

.0307 

.00029531 

.042528 

290 

136.59 

.03040 

.00022257 

.052050 

211 

124.52 

.0305 

.00029312 

.042209- 

291 

130.83 

.03030 

.00022141 

.031887 

212 

1M 78 

.0394 

.00029171 

.042000 

292 

137.00 

.03020 

.00022034 

.031728 

219 

125.09 

.0302 

.00028953 

.041092 

293 

137.30 

.03009 

.00021908 

.031547 

244 

125.29 

.0301 

.00028813 

.041490 

294 

137.53 

.02999 

.00021807 

.031402 

215 

125.55 

.0359 

.00028594 

.041175 

2(5 

137.76 

•02989 

.00021697 

.031243 

240 

125.80 

.0358 

.00028457 

.040978 

296 

138.00 

.02979 

.00021586 

.031083 

247 

12 i.00 

.0357 

.00028319 

.040779 

297 

138.23 

.02969 

.0002147^ 

.030916 

248 

129.91 

.0355 

.00028105 

.010471 

298 

138.46 

.02959 

.00021370 

.030772 

249 

120.57 

.0354 

.00027908 

.040273 

299 

138.69 

.02949 

.00021233 

.030618 

250 

120.82 

.0352 

.00027811 

040047 

300 

138 93 

.02939 

.00021154 

030461 












































49 


o 

o 

r ■* 

o 

HH 

Velocity clue Head. 

Cubic Feet per Second 
to one H. P. 

Section of Stream 
in Square Feet to 1 11. P. 

Section of Stream in 
Square Inches to 1 41. P. 

Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

i 

Cubic Feet per Second i 

to one H. P. 

i 

1 

Section of Stream 

in Square Feet to 1 II. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P. 

301 

1 130.10 

.029297 

.00021047 

.030307 

351 

150.27 

.025124 

•OOU16719 

.024075 

302 

130.30 

.020200 

.00020048 

.030165 

352 

150.40 

.025052 

.00016646 

.023970 

303 

130.02 

.029104 

.00020845 

.030016 

353 

150.70 

.024981 

.00OIC57O 

.023860 

304 

130.85 

.029 08 

.00020742 

.029858 

354 

150.91 

.024011 

.00016506 

.023768 

305 

140.08 

.028013 

.00020640 

.029721 

355 

151.13 

.024841 

.00016436 

.023667 

300 

140.31 

.028810 

.00020539 

.029576 

356 

151.34 

.024771 

•00016367 

.023568 

3.07 

140.54 

.028725 

.0002043!) 

.029432 

35 7 

151.55 

.024702 

.04016299 

.023470 

303 

140.77 

.028031 

.00020338 

.029286 

358 

151.76 

.024633 

.00016231 

.023372 

30!) 

141.00 

.028539 

.00020240 

.(,20145 

35!) 

151.98 

.024564 

.00016162 

.023273 

310 

141.22 

.028447 

.00020143 

.029035 

360 

152.10 

.024496 

.00016095 

.023176 

311 

141.45 

.028355 

.00020046 

.028866 

361 

152.40 

.024428 

.00016028 

.023083 

312 

141.08 

.028204 

.00010040 

.028726 

362 

152 61 

.024360 

.00015962 

.022985 

313 

141.00 

.028174 

.00010854 

.028580 

363 

152.82 

.024203 

.00015896 

.022890 

314 

142.13 

.028084 

.00011)759 

.028452 

364 

153.03 

.024220 

.00015830 

.022795 

315 

142.30 

.027905 

.00019665 

.028317 

365 

153.24 

.024100 

.00015760 

.022703 

310 

142.58 

.027007 

.00010572 

.028183 

366 

153.45 

.024004 

.00015701 

.022609 

317 

142.81 

.02781!! 

.00010479 

.028049 

367 

153.60 

.024028 

.00015037 

.022517 

318 

143.03 

.027731 

.000193S8 

.027918 

368 

153.87 

.023963 

.00015573 

.022425 

310 

143.20 

.027644 

.00019296 

.027786 

369 

154.08 

.023898 

.00015510 

.022334 

320 

143.48 

.027558 

.00010206 

.027656 

370 

154.20 

.023834 

.00015417 

.022243 

3,21 

143.71 

.027472 

.00019100 

.027516 

371 

154.49 

.023769 

.00015385 

.022154 

322 

143.03 

.027.387 

.00010027 

.027398 

372 

154.70 

.023705 

.00015323 

.022065 

323 

144.15 

.02'302 

.00018030 

.027272 

373 

154.91 

.023642 

.00015261 

.021975 

324 

J44.38 

.027217 

.000 P 850 

.027144 

374 

155.12 

.023579 

.00015200 

.021888 

325 

141.00 

.027134 

.00018764 

.027020 

375 

lo5•33 

.023510 

.00015139 

.021800 

320 

144.82 

.027050 

.00018678 

.026806 

370 

155•53 

.023453 

.0001507!) 

.021713 

327 

145.04 

.026968 

.00018503 

.026773 

377 

155.74 

.023391 

.0001501!) 

.021627 

;>28 

145.27 

.0268.80 

.00018507 

.026650 

378 

155.95 

.023329 

.00014959 

.021540 

32!) 

145.49 

.026804 

.00018423 

.026529 

379 

156.15 

.023268 

.00014901 

.021457 

330 

145.71 

.026723 

.00018330 

.026408 

380 

156-36 

.023206 

.00014841 

.021371 

331 

145.03 

.023642 

.00018256 

.026288 

381 

156-56 

.023145 

.00014783 

.021287 

332 

140.15 

.026562 

.00018171 

.026170 

38^ 

156.77 

.023085 

.00014725 

.021204 

333 

140.37 

.023482 

00018092 

.026052 

• 38.) 

156.07 

.023025 

.00014668 

.021121 

334 

110.50 

.023403 

.00018011 

.025935 

384 

157.18 

.022965 

.00014610 

.021038 

335 

140.81! 

.026324 

.00017031 

.025820 

385 

157.38 

,022905 

.00014553 

.020956 

330 | 

147.03 

.023215 

.00017813 

.0*251)93 

386 

157.50 

.022840 

.00014497 

.020875 

337 

147.25 

.020108 

.00017771 

.025590 

387 

157.79 

.022787 

.00014441 

.020795 

338 

147.40 

.023000 

.00017692 

.025476 

388 

157.00 

.022728 

.00014385 

.020714 

330 

147.68 

.026013 

.00017614 

.025364 

380 

158.20 

.022669 

.00014329 

.029633 

340 

147.00 

.025937 

.00017536 

.025251 

390 

158.40 

.022611 

.00014274 

.020554 

311 

148.12 

.025801 

.00017459 

.025140 

391 

158 60 

.022554 

.00014220 

.<20476 

342 1 

148.33 

.025781 

.00017383 

.025932 

392 

158.81 

.022496 

.00014165 

.026397 

343 1 

148.55 

.025710 

.00017307 

.024922 

393 

150.01 

.022439 

.00014111 

.020319 

344 I 

148.77 

.025035 

.00017231 

.024812 

394 

159.21 

.022382 

.00014058 

.020243 

345 1 

148.08 

.025561 

.00017157 

.024706 

395 

159.41 

.022325 

.00014004 

.020165 

340 

149.20 

.025487 

.00017082 

.024598 

396 

150.62 

.022269 

.00013951 

.020089 

347 

140.41! 

.025113 

00917008 

.024491 

397 

159.82 

.022213 

.00013898 

.020013 

348 

149.63 

.025340 

.00016928 

.024376 

398 

160.02 

.022157 

.00013840 

.019938 

340 

140.85 

.025268 

.00010862 

.024281 

399 

160.22 

.022101 

.00013794 

.019863 

350 1 

150.001 

.025106 

.00016700 

.024177 

400 

160.42 

.022046 

.00013742 

.019788 















































50 


Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

Cubic Feet per Second 
to one H. P. 

Section of Stream 
in Square Feet to 1 H. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 H. P. 

Head in Feet. 

Velocity due Head. 

Cubic Feet per Second 

to one II. P. 

Section of Stream 

in Square Feet to 1 H. P. 

Section of Stream in 

Square Inches to 1 II. P. 

401 

100.62 

.021991 

.00013691 

.019715 

451 

11' * • *>4 

.011553 

•00u114,8 

.ul65z8 

402 

160.82 

.021936 

.00013640 

.019641 

452 

170.53 

.019510 

.00011140 

.016473 

403 

161.02 

.021882 

.00013589 

.019568 

453 

17‘>.72 

.019467 

.00011402 

.01(5418 

404 

161.22 

.021828 

.00013539 

.01! 496 

454 

170 91 

.019424 

.000113 5 

.016365 

405 

161.42 

.02i7i4 

.00013189 

.019424 

455 

171.0!) 

.019381 

.00011327 

.01(5310 

406 

161.62 

.021720 

.00013438 

.019350 

456 

171 28 

.019839 

.00011260 

016257 

407 

161.82 

.021667 

.00013389 

.019280 

457 

171.47 

.019296 

.00011253 

.016204 

408 

162.02 

.021614 

.00013340 

.019209 

458 

171.66 

.019254 

.0001121(5 

.016151 

409 

162.21 

.021561 

.00013291 

.019139 

459 

171.84 

.019212 

.00011180 

.016099 

410 

162.41 

.021508 

.00013243 

.019069 

460 

172.03 

.019170 

.00011143 

.016045 

411 

162.61 

.021456 

.00013194 

.018999 

461 

172 22 

.019129 

.00011107 

.015894 

412 

162.81 

.021404 

.00013146 

.018930 

462 

172.40 

.019087 

.000]1071 

.015942 

413 

163.01 

.021352 

.00013098 

.01886! 

468 

172.59 

.016046 

.00011035 

.015890 

414 

163.20 

.021301 

.00013052 

.018794 

464 

172.78 

.019005 

.00010990 

.015838 

415 

163.40 

.021249 

.00013004 

.018725 

465 

172.96 

.018964 

.0001094 

.015788 

416 

163.60 

.021198 

.00012957 

.018658 

466 

173.15 

.018924 

.00010829 

.015737 

417 

163.79 

.021147 

.00012911 

.018591 

467 

178.84 

.018883 

.100108 3 

.015685 

418 

163.99 

.021097 

.00012864 

.018524 

488 

173.52 

.013843 

.0001085; 

.015(536 

419 

164.19 

.021046 

.00012818 

.018457 

489 

173.71 

.018803 

.00010824 

.015586 

420 

164.38 

.020996 

.00012772 

.018:391 

470 

173.89 

.018763 

.00010780 

.015547 

421 

164.58 

.020946 

.00012726 

.018825 

471 

174 ( 8 

.018723 

.0001 (,755 

.015487 

422 

164.77 

.020897 

.00012682 

.018262 

472 

174.26 

.018683 

.00010721 

.015438 

423 

164.97 

.020847 

00012833 

.018195 

473 

174.45 

.018644 

.00010087 

.01538!) 

424 

165.16 

.020798 

.00012592 

.018132 

474 

174.63 

.018604 

.00010653 

.015310 

425 

165.36 

.020749 

.00012547 

.018067 

475 

174.81 

.018565 

.00010620 

.015292 

426 

165.55 

.020700 

.00012506 

.018 4)4 

4*0 

175.00 

.018526 

.0001058,, 

.015243 

427 

165.75 

.020652 

.0001215!) 

.017940 

477 

175.18 

.018187 

.00010553 

.015196 

428 

165.91 

.020604 

.00012416 

.01787!) 

478 

175.36 

.018449 

.0001 520 

.015148 

429 

166.13 

.020556 

.00012373 

.017817 

479 

175.55 

.018410 

.00010487 

.015101 

430 

166.33 

.020508 

.00012329 

.017753 

480 

175.73 

.018372 

.00010451 

.015053 

431 

166.52 

.020460 

.00012286 

.017691 

481 

175.91 

.018338 

.00010421 

.015006 

432 

166.71 

.020413 

.00012244 

.017631 

4S2 

176.10 

.018285 

.00010388 

.014! ,58 

433 

166.91 

.020366 

.00012201 

.017569 

483 

176.28 

.016258 

.0,,010357 

.014.<1 1 

434 

167.10 

.020319 

.00012156 

.017508 

484 

176.46 

.018220 

.00010325 

.0148(58 

435 

167.29 

.020272 

.00012117 

.017448 

48> 

176.61 

.018182 

.00010293 

. 014r*2l 

436 

167.48 

.020226 

.00012076 

.017889 

488 

176.83 

.018145 

.00010261 

.014775 

437 

167.67 

.020179 

.00012034 

.017328 

487 

177.01 

.018108 

.00016229 

.01472!) 

438 

167.87 

.020133 

.00011993 

017269 

488 

177.19 

.018,70 

.00010168 

.014685 

439 

168.06 

.020087 

.00011952 

.017-10 

489 

177.37 

.018033 

.00010166 

.014639 

440 

168.25 

.020042 

.00011912 

.017153 

490 

177.55 

.017996 

.00010135 

.011594 

441 

168.44 

.019996 

.00011871 

.0170!)! 

491 

177 73 

.017960 

.00010105 

.014551 

442 

168.63 

.019951 

.00011831 

.017036 

492 

177.91 

.017924 

00010074 

.014506 

443 

168.82 

.019906 

.00011791 

016979 

493 

178.10 

.01 t88i 

.(50010043 

.614461 

444 

169.01 

.019861 

.06011751 

.016921 

494 

178.28 

.01785! 

.00010012 

.014117 

445 

169.20 

.019817 

.00011712 

.016865 

495 

178 46 

.017815 

.00008982 

.014374 

446 

169.39 

.019772 

.00011672 

.016807 

496 

178.(54 

.017778 

.00009952 

.014330 

447 

169.58 

.019728 

.00011633 

.016751 

497 

178.82 

.017743 

00009922 

.014287 

448 

169.77 

.019684 

.00811534 

.016695 

498 

179.00 

.017708 

.001 09852 

.014244 

440 

169.96 

.019640 

.00011555 

016339 

499 

179.18 

.017672 

.00009862 

.014201 

450 

170 15 

.019596 

.00011518 

.013588 

500 

179.35 

.017637 

.000 9833 

.014159 
































MEASUREMENT OF WATER, 


It seems to be generally conceded by those conversant 
with the subject, that the most accurate method practi¬ 
cable for determining the quantity of water running in 
any stream, is to measure it while it is flowing over a 
weir constructed like the diagram below. The dotted 
line C represents the bed of the stream. Lines A and B 
represent the top of the dam or weir; the opening B 
must be of sufficient length to allow the water to pass 
between the vertical ends below the line A. The crest 
of the weir B must be of sufficient bight to cause a fall 
equal at least to one-half of the depth of water running 
over it. The crest of the weir and the vertical ends must 
be beveled back at an angle of 45 degrees on the down 
stream side, that a sharp corner may be presented to the 
stream as it passes through. Up stream, five or six feet 
from the weir, a stake should be placed at the edge of the 
water and a mark made on it level with the crest of the 
weir, and the water should be measured from that mark 
instead of at the weir. The reliability of the results 
depend upon the accuracy of the measurement. 


A 



c 











But where a weir cannot be used, if the water flows 
through a canal or race of uniform rectangular section, or 
if a place can be found in the stream of fifty feet or 
more in length, that is nearly straight and of uniform 
section, the quantity may be ascertained by multiplying 
the area of the cross-section by the average velocity. 

The area of the cross-section is the width of the 
stream multiplied by the average depth. The average 
velocity is ascertained in the following manner: Select a 
portion of the stream that is as nearly straight as may be, 
and where the current seems to be uniform for fifty feet or 
more, and mark the distance upon the bank in a convenient 
manner; then go fifteen or twenty feet above the upper 
mark and put a small float (a light chip will answer, but a 
small body that will float nearly submerged is better, as it 
will not be affected by wind) in the centre of the current so 
that it will acquire the velocity of the current before it 
reaches the first mark; then note the time required for 
the float to pass from one mark to the other, and this 
operation repeated a number of times to insure against 
error will give nearly the surface velocity; the average 
velocity is generally taken as four-fifths of the surface 
velocity. 

The area of cross-section taken in square feet multi¬ 
plied by the average velocity taken in feet per minute 
will give the cubic feet flowing per minute. This method 
is very convenient but not very reliable unless great care 
is exercised throughout. 


SCROLL WHEELS. 


It is generally understood that Scroll wheels decrease 
in useful effect as they increase in size, but to what extent 
has never been determined. The point is one of con¬ 
siderable importance, for such wheels are generally simple 
in construction, not very liable to get out of order, and 
can be set up at small expense. 


The rapid deterioration of iron wheels, is a subject 
deserving more consideration than it has received. Much 
has been done to determine the comparative value of new 
wheels, while nothing has been done to ascertain whether 
the wheel that gives the best result when new, continues 
to do so after running a year. 

During the experiments with the Cook Wheel, the 
entire set of buckets were changed three times, each 
change occupying about an hour’s time. This was done 
to demonstrate the facility with which such changes could 
be made in case of accident, or for the purpose of cleaning 
and painting the wheel to prevent deterioration. 

In another part of this work, allusion is made to the 
want of more economical wheels at part gate; until that 
want is supplied, it would seem to be policy for manu¬ 
facturers to use several wheels,—one or more, good at whole 
gate,—to be run at their full capacity ; then a smaller one, 
comparatively good at part gate, to be used to regulate 
with. 


i 






- 

































































EMERSON’S LEVER DYNAMOMETER 


FOR SHAFTING. 

\ 


As I am constantly receiving applications for Dyna¬ 
mometers for weighing the power required to drive mills 
arid machinery, I herewith publish cuts and descriptions 
ot‘ the different kinds, with other information, likely to be 
of general interest. As inventor of the method, and hav¬ 
ing expended much time and thought in perfecting the 
different plans illustrated, I am, of course, desirous to have 
them become generally useful, though, as stated in the 
introduction to this work, I have no pecuniary interest in 
them. Any person of ordinary intelligence can see that 
they are constructed upon the same principle as the Fair- 
hanks’ Platform Scales, and may be made as reliable. 
Some of the following articles were copied from circulars, 
while others were furnished by parties of experience for 
the benefit of those using the same kind of machinery. 
In my next edition of this work, I intend to publish a 
great variety of experiments soon to be made by Govern¬ 
ment Engineers, also by Prof. R. IT. Thurston, C. E., of 
the Stevens Institute. 

From the London Engineering. 

“A thoroughly reliable Dynamometer of simple con¬ 
struction, and capable of being readily applied, is an in¬ 
strument which might be employed with advantage in a 



56 


vast number of cases. Almost all employers of machinery 
are interested in the amount of power which their ma¬ 
chines require to drive them, and the accurate measure¬ 
ment of this power would, in a vast number of instances, 
lead to the discovery of sources of waste which at present 
pass unnoticed. In other cases, also, where mechanical 
power is hired, it is of importance both to the hirer and 
letter, that the power thus supplied should be determined 
accurately. Altogether there is a great want of a simple 
and reliable Dynamometer, and for this reason we illus¬ 
trate an instrument of this kind which has been lately 
introduced in the United States, and of the performance 
of which good accounts are given. This Dynamometer 
has been designed by Mr. James Emerson. Referring to 
the engraving, it will be seen that all the motions are 
absolute. There is no dependence upon springs, spiral, 
or other forms, which are so liable to be affected by 
changes of temperature, and so unreliable under varia¬ 
tions of power. 

“It is very simple in construction, and direct in opera¬ 
tion. The pulley A is loose on the shaft, and receives the 
power. Its connection with the shaft is made by means 
of a wheel (the spider J) keyed or screwed firmly to the 
shaft in close contiguity with the receiving pulley, its 
hub, in fact, forming one of the guides to the position of 
the pulley on the shaft. To connect this fixed wheel with 
the loose receiving pulley, a bell crank lever is pivoted 
into projecting ears on the rim of the wheel on opposite 
sides, the long arm of which connects with an annular 
slotted collar on the shaft by means of the short bars B. 
The short arms of the bell crank levers connect on the 
inside of the fixed wheel with two radial bars, one 
parallel to the outer arm of the bell crank, and the other 
at right angles to it, receiving near its upper end a pivot 


EMERSON S I,EVER DYNAMOMETER FOR SlIAFTINi 












































































































































































































































































































































































































































58 


passing through a swivel hung to the rim of the wheel, 
and having its extreme end pivoted to a stud fixed on 
the inner side of the rim of the receiving pulley. It will 
be seen from this description that the strain of the power 
received through the belt on A, will necessarily re-act on 
the levers, and, through them, on the fixed wheel, which 
may be considered nothing more nor less than a support 
to these levers in sustaining them in position to connect 
the loose receiving pulley with the shaft. 

“At B, it will be seen, the levers are connected by 
pivots with the sliding collar, in the annular groove of 
which is seated a strap with which is connected a forked 
lever, the fulcrum at C. To the end of the long arm of 
this lever a rod with a short section of machine chain is 
attached. This chain runs over the cylindrical head D 
of a pendulum weight E, having a pointer that traverses 
a fixed quadrant F, properly divided by a scale to denote 
the relative pressure exerted through the medium of the 
receiving pulley on the shaft. The pulley G is fixed to 
the shaft, and delivers the power. 

“With this description of the parts, and an examina¬ 
tion of the engraving, an v of our readers may understand 
the operation of the device. It will be seen that all the 
motions are absolute. It is a weighing machine as correct 
in principle as the old-fashioned steelyards or the platform 
scales; in fact, it is simply a rotary platform scale, and 
each machine is weighed and tested in place by hanging 
to the pulley A, sealed weights, and marking the index 
as each weight is added.” 

An instrument like the one described, of two hundred 
and fifty horse-power, has been in use on the main shaft 
of the Wamesit Power Co.’s works, at Lowell, Mass., for 
four years, and seemingly is as perfect as the day it was 
put on. 












DYNAMOMETER APPLIED AT COUPLING 

OF SHAFT. 


The engraving on preceding page represents a Dyna¬ 
mometer of 600 horse-power on the main shaft of the Law¬ 
rence Duck Co.’s Mill at Lawrence, Mass., Isaac Hayden, 
Agent. It is placed at a joint in the shaft, the coupling 
having been removed. The arrangement is very simple, 
and takes but little more room than the couplings did. 

In one instance where an instrument, similar in con¬ 
struction, was placed upon a shaft, it was found that six¬ 
teen horse-power was used instead of four, as was supposed. 
In another instance so much difference was found, that the 
difference in rent each month equalled the cost of the 
Dynamometer. Of the power used in a mill ‘25 per cent, 
is generally required to drive shafting. 


PORTABLE OR STATIONARY. 


The engraving on opposite page represents one that 
can be used as a stationary or portable instrument, as it 
can be changed from place to place, suspended from ceil¬ 
ing, or inverted and placed on floor, or it can be attached 
to the end of a shaft, using pulley B as driving pulley, and 
was selected in preference to either of the others, by Frank¬ 
lin A. Stratton, Engineer, at Washington Navy Yard, for 
the Government service. I should generally select it as a 
portable instrument for testing anything except the light¬ 
est kind of machinery. The weighing arm on all kinds is 
now generally immersed in water to keep it steady. 


i 





\ 





PORTABLE Oil STATIONARY 













































































































































% 





PORTABLE DYNAMOMETERS 





































































































PORTABLE DYNAMOMETERS. 


Made of different sizes, for testing Pickers, Looms, 
Spinning Frames, or any kind of machinery, by being 
placed between machine and motor, connected by belts on 
its pulleys and weighing the power in transmission through 
it. May be used where power is rented, but the stationary 
kind is far the best for that purpose. A tenant can always 
favor his power where the Dynamometer is applied tem¬ 
porarily. One of this kind has been purchased for general 
experimental purposes at the Stevens Institute, Hoboken, 
New Jersey. 

All of the Dynamometers are graduated by apply¬ 
ing the weights at a point which, if revolving, would 
describe a circle of a given number of feet, the smallest 
size now sold generally at 4, the larger from 10 to 60 
depending somewhat upon the speed they are to run. 

The same method is used to compute the power as 
described in water-wheel tests. Suppose the instrument 
to be graduated upon a 4-foot circle, pulley making 500 
revolutions per minute, weight indicated after deducting, 
centrifugal force, 35 pounds. 500 X 4 = 2000 X 35 = 
70,000 —r* 33,000 = 2.12 H. P. 

The manner of using the Portable Dynamometer is 
to place it between the motor and machine to be tested, 
level and secure it to the floor, then belt from motor to 
driving pulley of Dynamometer, arid observe the weight 
indicated, caused by centrifugal force of the levers (equiva¬ 
lent to balancing scales), then belt from pulley of Dy- 



nnmometer to pulley of machine, from the weight then 
indicated, deduct the centrifugal force, then compute as 
before described. 

Recently, I was employed to test the power used by a 
tenant who was paying three hundred dollars per year. 
It was supposed he was using about two horse-power. 
My Dynamometer had twenty-four inch pulleys with six 
inch face; the tenant was using a six inch belt on thirty- 
six inch pulleys, and could only run a part of his machin¬ 
ery at a time. A single six inch belt on the twenty-four 
inch pulleys, when strained very tight, would lift three 
hundred pounds, but would not run the machinery required. 
A double belt of the same width, cut four inches short, in 
a length of twenty feet, was then tried and found capable 
of running all that the single belt over the thirtv-six inch 
pulleys would run; then all of the belts (except one to 
■drive a picker) were thrown off, and the belt on the Dyna¬ 
mometer was run at a speed of nine hundred and ten 
feet per minute, the indicator showing a weight of four 
hundred and fifty pounds; and this before any cotton was 
fed in. After running a few minutes, the Picker was sup¬ 
plied with cotton. In a moment the teeth of the gears 
H, on the Dynamometer, were shaved off as though they 
had been made of wood. The gears were thirteen and a 
half inches in diameter, two inch face. Upon examination 
of the Picker, it was found that its gears were completely 
-choked with waste and dirt; and from my experience in 
the past four years, testing power, I believe that in many 
cases about as much power is wasted by neglect and bad 
management, as is really required to do the necessary 
work. I am often met with the statement, u O, I know 
just what power it takes to run my machines; that was 
settled in England long ago.” Perhaps it was there, but 
the Dynamometer often unsettles it here. I have found 


two Half Frames, seemingly exactly alike in every partic¬ 
ular, yet one required thirty-one thousand foot pounds 
to drive it, while the other required less than twenty- 
three thousand. 

Engines have been found that used abundance of fuel 
without giving out much power. In one case, where an 
engine was used that worked the steam twice, first in a 
six inch cylinder, then in a twelve, using over a cord of 
wood per day, the proprietor was positive that he was 
furnishing twenty horse power, but the Dynamometer 
would only show seven. Then it was found that the fric¬ 
tion of the working parts of the engine was so great that 
but a comparatively small part of the power was trans¬ 
mitted. 

The difference between the supposed and actual 
power used is not always one way, but a difference is fre¬ 
quently found sufficient to pay for a Dynamometer in a 
short time, but the greatest value that would arise from its 
general use would result from its tendency to produce 
more economy in the use of power. 


EXPERIMENTS FURNISHED BY 
VARIOUS PARTIES. 


Lowell, March 8th, 1872. 


James Emerson: 

Dear Sir,—I send, according to your request, a copy of 
some reports of tests, made by me with your Dynamometer. 


Respectfully yours, 

CHAINING WHITAKER. 


Report of a test to determine the power required to run one of 
the Rag Engines at Bacon’s Paper Mill, in North Lawrence, Mass¬ 
achusetts. 

Lowell, December 16th, 1870. 

J. A. Bacon, Esq. 

Dear Sir, —I have worked up carefully the tests made 
yesterday with Emerson’s Dynamometer, at your mill in North 
Lawrence. 

When the engine roll made 145 revolutions per minute, the dial 
hand of the Dynamometer made 3.8 revolutions per minute. 

I have estimated the speed of the roll, upon the supposition 
that it varied during the different tests in the same proportion as the 
speed of the dial hand. 

I give the results obtained, in the order in which the tests 
were made. 


/ >• 




N umber 
of 

Test. 

CONDITION OF TIIE ENGINE. 

Revolutions 
of Roll 
per minute. 

Horse-Power 
indicated 
by Dynamometer. 

1 

No paper 

in. 

137 

2.5 

2 

Paper being put in. . 

149 

7.20 

3 

u u 

• 

V* 

V# 

1 

141 

3.30 

4 

Washing 

paper. 

153 

4. 

5 

u 

u 

145 

4.03 

6 

u 

u 

147 

4.41 

7 

u 

u 

144 

4.57 

8 

u 

u 

145 

5.19 

9 

u 

u 

153 

5.2 

10 

u 

u 

148 

4.71 

11 

Beating | 

till}). 

149 

5.08 

12 

u 

u 

147 

5.02 

13 

u 

u 

149 

5.08 

14 

Brushing 

the paper.. 

149 

3.9 


While the paper was being put in, the power indicated gradually 
rose from 2.5 horse-power to 7.26 horse-power. It stood at 7.26 
horse-power for about three minutes, after which it gradually fell to 
3.36 horse-power. 

From test 4 to test 8, the roll was gradually set down harder 
and harder. At test No. 7, the roll was down as hard as is usual in 
making paper. At test No. 8, the roll was down harder than is 
common. 

Very respectfully yours, 

(Signed,) CHANNING WHITAKER, 

Mechanical Engineer. 


Report of a test to determine the power required to drive Shoe¬ 
making Machinery, at the State Prison, in Charlestown, Mass¬ 
achusetts. 

Lowell, July 13th, 1871. 

Rodney S. Tay , Esq., Treasurer Tucker Manfy. Co., Boston. 

My Deaij Sir,—O n the 13th inst., I made a test with 
Emerson’s Small Dynamometer, of the power required to drive Mr. 
Blanchard’s Shoemaking Machinery at the State Prison, in Charles¬ 
town. 


k<rc 

























68 


In Mr. Blanchard’s lower room there are, besides the Counter- 
Shafting, 12 sewing machines, 2 peggers, 2 skivers, 1 heel trimmer, 
1 bottom roller, 1 buffer, 1 roller, 1 splitter. 

All of the machinery is not in use at any one time. But mak¬ 
ing such allowance for this fact as seems to be fair, there is required 
for driving the machinery and counter-shafting in this room, 4.9 
horse-power. 

In Mr. Blanchard’s upper room, there are, besides the counter¬ 
shafting, 2 brushes and 4 buffers. 

There is required, for driving the machinery and counter-shaft¬ 
ing in this room, 2.3 horse-power. 

Making a total of 7.2 horse-power used by Mr. Blanchard. 

Very respectfully yours, 

(Signed,) CHANGING WHITAKER, 

Mechanical Engineer. 

P. S.—A Beating Engine, of usual size and construction, for 
converting tarred hemp rope (old junk) into paper, requires, when 
running at two hundred revolutions per minute, from five to twenty- 
live liorse-power, varying according to the amount of stock in the 
vat, and also according to the stage of the operation. 

C. W. 


EXPERIMENTS AT MASSACHUSETTS 
COTTON MILLS. 


LOWELL, MASS., MARCH, 1872. 

Trial of power required to drive 15 stretchers, (3d speeders) 52 
spindles each = 780 spindles. Speed main shaft of machine, 396 
revolutions. Speed of flier, 1121 revolutions. Frames driven by a 
train of 8 counter-shafts—two frames by each, except the last, which 
drives one. These shafts are driven, the first from the main line, 
and the others in succession from each other. 


$ 




69 


1st. Machines and shafting required 8056 lbs. per sec. = 14.65 
horse-power = 537 lbs. or .976 horse-power each = 10.3 lbs. per 
spindle = 53.24 spindles per horse-power. 

2d. Shafting and loose pulleys, 2000 lbs. = 3.64 horse-power. 
3d. Shafting alone, belts off, 732 lbs. = 1.33 horse-power. 


Trial of power to drive 6 throstle spinning frames (warp), 5 
having 128 spindles each, and one 112 spindles, = 752 spindles, driven 
by a train of 6 counter-shafts, the first belted from the main line, and 
the others in succession from each other. This being an odd row of 
frames, only one frame is belted from each shaft. Spinning No. 20 
yarn, cylinder running 750 revolutions, and fliers 4312 revolutions, 
per minute. 

1st. Shafting and loose pulleys, 1150 lbs. = 2.09 liorse-power. 

2d. Shafting alone, machine belts off, 767 lbs. = 1.39 horse¬ 
power. 

3d. Frames and shafting, 6900 lbs. = 12.54 horse-power. 


Trial of power required for 112 looms, weaving 36 inch sheet¬ 
ings, No. 20 yarn, 60 threads to the inch each, warp and filling. 
Speed, 130 picks per minute. These looms are placed in the back 
part of the middle portion of No. 1 mill—one-lialf in the basement 
and half in the room above—being belted from 5 lines of shafting 
in the lower room. These shafts are driven in succession, one from 
the other, the first from the main line. Size of Shafting, 2 3-16 in., 
except the first piece in each line, on which the counter-pulleys are 
placed; these are of several different sizes, but about 21 inch on an 
average. The driving pulleys are 12 inch diameter, and the loom 
pulleys 14 inch. 

1st. 112 looms with shafting lubricated with tallow. Average 
of several trials: 8870 lbs. = 16.13 horse-power = 79.20 lbs. per loom 
= 7.24 looms per horse-power. 

2d. The same, after oiling the journals of the shafting: 8492 
lbs. = 15.44 horse-power = 75.82 lbs. per loom = 7.24 looms per 
horse-power. 




70 


3d. Trial of shafting and loose pulleys, lubricated with tallow. 
Average of several trials: 2876 lbs. = 5.23 liorse-power. 

4th. Same after freshly oiling: 2245 lbs. = 4.08 liorse-power. 
5th. Shafting alone, belts off: 913 lbs. = 2.40 horse-power. 


Trial of power required to drive 8 Lowell Machine Shop Mules, 
624 spindles each, with Emerson’s Dynamometer. Five mules were 
running on No. 22 yarn, spindles making 5500 revolutions per minute, 
and three mules on No. 37 yarn, spindles making 6230 revolutions 
per minute. 

1st. The 8 mules, including shafting. 

12250 lbs. = 22.25 horse-power, = 2.45 lbs. per spindle, = 224 
spindles per horse power. 

2nd. Shafting alone, 17.10 lbs. = 3.11 horse-power, = 14 per 
cent, of the whole power. 

3rd. 8 mules without shafting, 19.16 liorse-power = 211 lbs. 
per spindle = 260 spindles per horse-power. 


THE SAWYER RING SPINNING MACHINE. 


A new spinning machine for cotton, known as the Sawyer Ring 
Spinning Frame, has recently been extensively introduced in New 
England. 

The new machine differs from those heretofore used, principally 
in the construction of the spindles and their bearings; the spindle 
being made of about one fourth the usual weight, while its bearings 
are so arranged, as to ensure less vibration of the spindle while run¬ 
ning at a speed from twenty to twenty-five per cent, greater than 
that at which the old form will run satisfactorily. 





71 


It will be seen by the following table of experiments made at 
the Ashton Mill, (Lonsdale, R. I.), that seventy-five per cent, more 
work can be done, in the same time, with a horse-power, on the im¬ 
proved than on the old machine; and as somewhat more than half 
the power of cotton mills has heretofore been consumed in spinning, 
the importance of this improvement to manufacturers is evident. 

It is further claimed, that the advantages resulting from the in¬ 
creased production per spindle, requiring less original outlay for 
machines to do a given amount of work, less room in the mill for 
the machines, and less expense for labor, are fully equal to those 
resulting from the saving in power. 


EXPERIMENTS ON RING SPINNING MACHINES, AT 

ASIITON MILLS, 1871. 



Common 
Ring Frame. 

Sawyer’s 
Ring Frame. 

Number of spindles in a frame. 

160 

160 

Revolutions of spindles per minute.. 

5898 

7008 

Ratio of speed of spindles. 

100 


Speed of front rolls. 

58 

7-4 

Horse-powers per frame .... . . 

1.49 

1.00 

Pounds feet per second per spindle. 
Number of spindles driven by one 

5.14 

8.44 

horse-power. 

Relative work done by one horse- 

1074 

160 

power. 

100 

176^ 

Number of yarn spun. 

50 

42 


Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass., ) 
September 11th, 1871. ( 

II. Sawyer, Esq.: 

Dear Sir: Three weeks ago Mr. Draper fitted one of our spin¬ 
ning frames with your new spindle, and on Saturday last I tested 
the power required to drive the same; as it is somewhat less than 
you had stated, I thought you might perhaps be interested in the 
following memorandum. 




















Frame built by Fales, Jenks & Sons, about 1£ years ago, and 
fitted with “Sawyer” spindle three weeks ago; No. of yarn, 25 
warp; revolutions of front roll, 96; revolutions of spindle, 6645: 
bobbins full (bobbins weighed 10 lbs., yarn on same weighed 17 lbs.; 
No. of spindles, 208; power consumed, 1.598 horse-power, = 4.208 
lbs. per spindle. 

Doffed the frame, put on fresh bobbins, and found power con¬ 
sumed to be 1.3 horse-power, = 3.437 lbs. per spindle, giving average 
for half full bobbin 3.822 lbs. per ft. per sec. per spindle.* 

In the first experiment the bobbins were much fuller than usual, 
they completely filled the ring and weighed about 2 lbs. more than 
the average doff. 

Yours truly, 

GEORGE W. WEEKS, Superintendent. 


*3.82-2 lbs. ft. per spindle = 145 spindles per horse-power. 






NORTH CHELMSFORD, MASS , 




























































































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REPORT 



OF 


Water-Wheel Tests, 


AT LOWELL AND OTHER PLACES. 


As is well known, an attempt has been made to procure a law to regulate the sale- 
of Motors, Water-Wheels in particular. Efforts to that effect would have 
been continued, but recent experiments would seem to prove that 
the percentage of a wheel is not constant, but varies w ith 
the head under which it works; until that point is 
decided, such a law- could be of little use. 


LOWELL, MASS : 

STONE & HUSE, PRINTERS. 
1872. 





























t 




' . . - 






/ 
















REPORT OF WATER WHEEL TESTS, 


AT LOWELL AND OTHER PLACES. 


Early in the past season notice was given that the 
experiments, at the Lowell Testing Flume, would close 
for the season with November; but, at that date, twenty 
wheels remained untried, and the experiments were con¬ 
tinued until the close of the year; then, to decide whether 
the percentage of a wheel remained the same under dif¬ 
ferent heads, I went to B dlston Spa, N. Y., and Mount 
Holly, N. J., and tested wheels that had previously been 
tested here. The results obtained seem to show that 
much higher percentage can be obtained under a low 
than a high head. 

A description of all the wheels that I have tested 
would require too much room, and I will only refer to the 
peculiarities of a few. There seems to be a growing 
mania with wheel-builders to construct combination, or 
double wheels. The idea, old in itself, seems to have been 
revived by James Leffel at a time when it was difficult to 
find a really good wheel. The merits of his wheel, together 
with the indomitable energy of its builders, have rendered 
it one of the leading wheels in the country and too well 
known to require description here. 



4 


Wynkoop. 






The combination shown above is upon an entirely 
different principle—a “Perpetual Motion,” if successful. 
This combination was placed in a curb similar to the one 
patented by W. S. Davis—only the gates all opened at 
once. Mr. Wynkoop claimed that the velocity of the 
water, by direct action, operated the upper wheel, then 
the weight of the water acted upon the re-action wheel 
below—thus obtaining double power from the water used ; 
and, strange as it may seem, college professors, engineers, 
high school teachers and officials of various grades were 
found who were willing to endorse such claims; and a 
circular was published an 1 circulated, containing the 















































































































5 


names of a score or more of influential persons, who 
stated that they had seen the wheel in operation and be¬ 
lieved it gave one hundred and seventy-five if not two 
hundred per cent, of the power of the water used. When 
the combination was tested here it discharged so much 
more water than was expected, that the weir was too 
short and the water ran over the sides of the testing pit. 
The percentage due from the water passing the weir with¬ 
out allowance for that escaping over the sides of the pit, 
is given with the other wheels. Since testing the com¬ 
bination, I have received applications from three different 
States, by different parties, for terms for testing, identically, 
the same combination. An engraving of the Wynkoop, 
together with the results of test sent in reply, has in each 
case closed the correspondence. 


4 



The two, combined with gears at the top, 
like the Wynkoop. 


A combination of the “Barker Mill,” with a Four- 
neyron wheel, as represented above, also has admireis. 











































































































6 


i 


Three Mexicans, from the City of Mexico, came here to 
have such a combination tested, but abandoned it before 
doin" so. The same combination has been placed in a 
mill within a few miles of this city, but the inventor has 
not yet concluded to enlarge his budding facilities. 



B. J. Barber of Ballston Spa, N. Y., has made a com¬ 
bination that works well; so well indeed, as to cause 
•manufacturers to think seriously of exchanging the ex¬ 
pensive Fourneyron wheels as built by Mr. Boyden for it. 
The combination consists of a wheel like the Warren, 
(which was a favorite fifteen years ago, and now may be 
seen back of many a mill in New England, where it has 
been thrown to make room for better wheels,) and a re¬ 
action wheel underneath for the purpose of utilizing the 
remaining power of the water after it has passed the 
upper wheel. This is a theory upon which much time 
and money has been expended. Mr. Barber is working 
upon a more decisive plan than theorists generally do, for 
he has built a testing flume and procured complete test¬ 
ing apparatus in order to work understandingly. 






7 


Stil well & Bierce Manufacturing Company of Dayton, 
Ohio, have also done the same in order to make the 
Eclipse (double) Turbine one of the best. 

Gardiner Cox also furnished a wheel which he called 
double; it consisted of a core with a Jonval Wheel, 
around it, at the bottom, the buckets being continued by 

sheet iron spirals around the core to its top, forming a 

% 

twelve-threaded screw—the pitch being twelve degrees 
from line of rotation. 



W. S. Davis’ Curb. 


The curb represented above was tried, to ascertain 
whether better “part gate” results could be obtained by 
opening a certain number of gates, from two to sixteen, 
than by opening the whole, proportionally; with the wheels 
tried, the results were not favorable, but the principle would 
seem to be correct, for in testing a Houston whfeel, with 
some of the openings stopped with blocks of wood, it will 





























































8 


be seen that very high results were obtained for the pro¬ 
portion of water used. 

Much has been said about highly finished wheels being 
sent here for trial. There is little foundation for such ru¬ 
mors. In 1869 the Messrs. Leffel sent wheels that were con¬ 
structed for the purpose as they had a right to do under 
the conditions imposed; as a rule, those sending wheels 
have been very fair, and most certainly, the wheels that 
have given the best results have not been those of the best 
finish. It is quite common for some manufacturers to 
say that “ little reliance can be placed in reports of tests 
such statements have a very injurious influence, and if 
there is any cause for such, it rests with themselves. The 
comparative merits of any wheel may be determined at a 
Testing Flume as perfectly as groceries can be weighed, 
but the cause for discrepancies is that builders seldom con¬ 
struct two wheels exactly alike, so that if Mr. Smith has 
a “Samson Turbine” that gives satisfactory results, there 
is no certainty that Mr. Jones will get one of that make 
that will do the same, and here may be found the cause 
why references are of little value. The better class of 
builders, feeling the inconveniences arising from such a 
system, are having their wheels tested, not only to deter¬ 
mine their merits, but experimentally for improvement, 
while another class sell their wheels on the reputation of 
some well-known wheel that has been tested, but the same 
builder while experimenting will vary more than twenty 
per cent., consequently, manufacturers should understand 
that a resemblance is no guarantee of merit, and their 
only chance for obtaining a reliable wheel is to buy of 
responsible parties who are ready, at any time, to prove 
by actual trial that their wheels are what they are repre¬ 
sented to be—a strict observance of such a rule would add 
at least twenty-five per cent, useful effect to the water 
power of Massachusetts. 


9 


An examination of the results obtained while testing 
X. F. Burnham’s wheel will show the accuracy with which 
it can be done. The wheel was first tested, the shaft being 
made rigid with faced couplings bolted together; it was 
then taken out, the face couplings exchanged for clutch 
couplings, then tested again, afterwards taken out of the 
Flume, then taken apart, the buckets filed to an edge, 
faced couplings again fitted on, and the shaft where it 
worked in the upper bearing filed smaller, then tested the 
third time. 

Stetson’s first wheel, tested 1870, was tested the past 
season to decide whether a decked Flume is equally as 
effective as an open Flume ; it will be seen that the highest 
result was obtained in the decked Flume, but it had four 
hundred pounds less weight of shafting to carry. 

In making the experiments to determine the loss of 
power in transmission through gears, mitre gears twenty- 
seven inches in diameter, five-inch face, fifty-seven teeth, 
were used on wheel and “jack-shaft,” the last being six 
feet in length and three inches in diameter; a Spur gear 
twenty-four inches in diameter, four and one-half inch face, 
forty-four teeth, was secured upon the “jack-shaft,” which 
worked into another gear of the same size upon a second 
horizontal shaft, same size and length as the first, the sec¬ 
ond representing the main line of shafting through a mill, 
both horizontal shafts worked in common babbited bear¬ 
ings. The Dynamometer was placed upon the end of the 
shaft representing the main line, and the wheel tested 
through the two pairs of gears; the second shaft was then 
removed, the Dynamometer applied to the end of the 
“jack-shaft,” and the wheel was then tested through the 
Mitre gears only, then the “jack-shaft” was removed, the 
erear taken from the top of the wheel shaft, the Dyna- 
mometer applied at the same point, and the wheel tested 
in the usual manner; the tests upon the wheel shaft and 


10 


the shaft representing main line were perfectly steady and 
reliable. The test upon the “jack-shaft ” was made at noon 
under a higher head, and the end of the shaft was too 
small for the hub of the Dynamometer, causing it to run 
eccentrically, and the test was not so good. I propose 
the coming season to make a more thorough trial of such 
tests with different proportioned gears. 

The reported part gate tests were taken when the 
wheels were running at about the same speed as when the 
best whole gate results were obtained; and three-fourths, 
one-half, one-fourth, &c., gate, designate the proportions 
of water discharged and not the openings of the gate. 


% 


PERCENTAGE OF PART GATE. WHOLE GATE. 


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14 


TEST OF WHEEL TO DETERMINE LOSS OF POWER IN 
TRANSMISSION THROUGH GEARS. 

Through a pair of Mitre and pair of Spurs, as de¬ 
scribed, the brake being placed upon the end of the 
second horizontal shaft, then upon the lirst horizontal 
shaft, then upon the wheel shaft. 


'Tests. 

Head. 

Revolutions. 

Horse Power. 

Percentage. 

1st test 

10.03 feet 

100 per 

minute 

26.55 

75.90 

2nd u 

10.61 “ 

172 “ 

U 

27.36 

74.80 

3rd “ 

16. OS “ ■ 

168 “ 

U 

26.73 

77.40 


OUTSIDE TESTS FOR POWER ONLY. 

Chase Wheel , Orange, Mass. Have tested four dif¬ 
ferent wheels, one guaranteed to give 30 horse power, 
gave 11.8; but as a general thing they gave about the 
power rated, using enormous quantities of water. The 
tables in their circulars are computed at about 90 per 
-cent., and the discharge of the wheel is estimated from * 
iits openings, but the centrifugal force causes a discharge 
•considerably larger than would pass through the wheel 
when it is at rest (ascertained by actual trial). The 
'wheel under favorable circumstances gives about 50 per 
-cent, of the power of the water used. 

Whitney Wheel , at South Lancaster, Mass. Tabled 
horse power under 7-foot head, 66.17. Actual, as per test, 
35.65. 

Whitney Four-Feet Scroll Wheel , at C. B. Rich¬ 
mond’s Mill, Lowell, Mass. Guaranteed, under 8-foot 
head, to give ‘20 horse power. Actual, as per test, under 
8-foot 5-inch head, 11.22. Four-Feet Flume Wheel, same 
mill, 8-foot head, gave 15 horse power. 














Five-Feet Blake Wheel, at same mill. Guaranteed, 
under 8-foot head, to give 30 horse power. Actual, as per 
test, under 7-foot 8-inch head, 15. 

Seventy- Two-Inch Bey Hold's, at Williamstown, Mass. 
Tabled, under 12-foot 3-inch head, to give 152 horse 
power. Actual, as per test, 76.97. Nominal percentage, 
as per table, 95. Actual, about 50. 

July 26, 1871, I assisted in testing the same wheel 
again, after submerging it. Dynamometer placed upon 
wheel shaft, 12-foot head gave 88.30 horse power. Saw 
no reason to change my opinion about the percentage of 
that wheel. 

Breast Wheel, at North Adams, Mass. Diameter, 16 
feet; length, 22; head, 14. Best result, 52.67 horse 
power. 

I have, in the first part of my Report, alluded to tests 
made at Ballston Spa, N.Y., and Mount Holly, N. J. Those 
tests show very high results, and if the correction in Mr. 
Francis’ formula for velocity of water approaching the 
weir is reliable, then low falls give proportionally much 
the best results. I have never seen experiments made 
where the brake worked so smoothly as at Mount Ilolly. 
Under the six-foot head, the wheel ran so steady that the 
hydraulic regulator upon the -scale beam was hardly 
required, and when the wheel was running at its best 
speed, the water near the weir might have been used for 
a mirror, it was running so smoothly. 

At Ballston Spa, Mr. Barber’s wheel gave, with the 
upper wheel tested alone, five per cent, higher results than 
at Lowell; while with the two combined, the best result 
was about seventy-nine and a half; this was under eight- 
feet head. The test of the combined wheels at Lowell 
was not reliable, because the shaft was bound in the 
stuffing box. The Risdon wheel was also bound slightly 
in the upper bearing at Lowell, causing a loss perhaps of 


one per cent., while it ran perfectly free at Mt. Holly, where 
it gave 84.60 as highest result. Now, it must not be un¬ 
derstood that I consider the Risdon or Barber wheel ex¬ 
ceptional, for that is far from being the case, for I believe 
the other wheels tested would show the snuie proportional 
results under low heads, and to determine that point, I 
shall immediately construct a new Flume that will enable 
me to test all wheels under from six to eighteen-foot head, 
and I propose to have my flume large enough to test five- 
foot wheels. T test wheels that give good percentage 
that T should not consider so good for practical use as 
others that perhaps show in my Report less favorably, but 
it is not expected that I should discriminate, but give fig¬ 
ures only, as I do, but it is for the interest of those using 
wheels that a matter of such importance should be definitely 
determined; for that reason I make the folio wing proposi¬ 
tion : The first day of September next I will have Flume 
and apparatus complete for testing large wheels under 
varying heads, the trial to be open to all, each wheel- 
builder to furnish one or more forty-eight or fifty-inch 
wheel, to be delivered at my Flume upon the day named, 
and each party to be there ready to choose a committee 
competent to examine and witness the test of each wheel, 
and let the decision of that committee be published 
throughout the country ; and I here call upon the Messrs. 
Swain, Leffel, Bodine, Bryson, Houston, Stetson, Burnham, 
Libby, Risdon, Wheeler, Cook, Tyler, Barber, and others, to 
demonstrate by a thorough competitive trial, where the 
conditions are the same for all, that they have faith in their 
assertions that their vilieel is the best. 

Pa ciculars for terms, conditions, tfcc., may be had 
upon application. 


Box 502. 

February 1st, 1872. 


JAMES EMERSON, 

Lowell, Mass. 
















































































